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Neuro week 1

QuestionAnswer
What has the long history of enquiry into thinking found? That it's these properties and attributes of the mind that are products of the operation of the Nervous System.
What did the Egyptians think? Flow of fluids - problems occur when too much or too little flow.
What did Galen think? Accepted brain as the seat of the intellect, but also classical explanation of humors of the body. Animalistic functions assigned to liver
Reasons for heart being centre of mind: - heart moves, brain sits there. - simple animals move and react, but have no brain - warmth = life, which emanates from body's core (heart) - all known civilisations believed this.
What did Descarte think? Brain function was a mechanism of fluid and tubes.
Why was Paul Broca significant? Used a post mortem brain of a right hemiplegic patient, who was unable to produce speech.
What is exteroception? sensitivity to stimuli originating outside of the body
Which 3 ideas were popular in early 1700s about how neurons work: - Spirits running through hollow fibres - mini explosions caused by fermentation of liquid. - Vibrations
When was electricity the 'big thing'? early 18th century.
Who initially thought up that electricity is involved in nerves? How? LUIGI GALVANI 1737-1798, used a spark to activate muscles.
Define electrochemical equilibrium: When electrical and chemical gradients are in equal in magnitude - membrane is at resting potential w.r.t. that ion at that concentration.
Why did those interested in the nervous system focus on issues to do with neural structure and function in the brain, and not to do with glia and synapses?
Who was the first to suggest that the nervous system was, like other tissues, composed of discrete cells? Purkinje
Around what time was the term synapse though of? 1897, Cajal and Sherrington
Synapses are related to computational procession how? What's differet through switches! but chemical transmission is not binary.
How was it discovered that chemical transmisison occured at the synapse? Oliver and Dale did experiments with naturally occuring substances (fungus) that mimicked the effects of nerve stimulation on peripheral structures.
What did Otto loewi contribute? Did experiment that mimicked effects of symp and parasymp nerve stimulation by applying the fluid collected during stimulation to another non-stimulated heart i.e. chemical in fluid.
Why is there a time delay b/w transmission? biochemistry, complex energy-dependent release.
what are some characteristics of electrical synapses? - excitation is the only effect it can have on the post-synaptic cell. - passive transmission (no ATP needed) - fast - good for synchronisation of neuronal groups - bi-directional, effects depend on recent or concurrent activity.
at what stage in life do electrical synapses have a greater presence? foetal development
What are characteristics of short term changes in size of effect a synapse has on post-syn neuron ? change in amount of neurotransmitter released.
What do lover term changes in synaptic efficiency involve? activites of molecular signaling pathways in the post-syn neuron that effect various intracell processes, i.e. protein function & changes in gene expression.
the more stimulus... the more response - idea for change in efficiency
Define long-term potentiation persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons.
When plastic changes occur, how much is due to functional/macro-molecular/structural changes? Depends whether it's short term or longer term. Functional when short term due to changes in functional capacity at the synapse level. Structural when long term - number and organisation of synapses.
Who introduced the terms Neuron and Dendrite and Axon? Willhelm von Waldeyer in 1891.
What was the significance of Cajal's discovery of growth cones? He used superior staining methods to see this, and the significance was that started to question how "fixed" the structure of neurons are in the mature brain.
What were Sherrington's beliefs of synapses based on? Studies of degeneration of the NS always resulted in a discrete, demarcated pattern of loss (not diffuse). Reflex responses were much slower than was explicable by speed of nerve conduction. Something made reflex conduction unidirectional
What can be inferred about a particular neurotransmitter based on its chemical nature and structure? Nothing!!!! Depends what receptor is activated.
Created by: lmdavis97
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