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Biomedical Anatomy
Nervous System Part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 3 embryological layers? | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| ectoderm | the outside embyrological layer, becomes skin, hair, outside stuff |
| mesoderm | middle embryological layer. becomes the organs |
| endoderm | inside embryological layer. is the GI tract |
| where is neural tissue derived from | ectoderm |
| at 22 days of gestation what happens in terms of development for the brain and spinal cord | the neural plate starts to fold in on itself |
| what does the neural plate form | the neural tube and neural crest |
| what does the neural tube eventually become | the CNS |
| what does the neural crest eventually become | the PNS |
| spina bidifa occulta | failure of vertebral lamina to close. the meninges is not compromised so spinal cord is still encased but there is a hole in the vertebrate |
| what are the symptoms of spina bifida occulta | asymptomatic except it's often seen with a tuft of hair over spine |
| meningocele | failure of vertebral lamina to close with herniation of the meninges. the spinal cord is still where it should be |
| myelomeningocele | failure of vertebral lamina to close with herniation of meninges and spinal cord |
| how do you screen for meningeocle and myeloeningocele | with amniocentesis and if there is elevated alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and elevated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
| what are recommended for pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects | folic acid |
| can spina bifida occulta be detected using the methods to screen for meningocele and myelomeningocele | no |
| what part expands of the neural tube to become the brain | walls |
| what does the dilated portion of the neural tube become | central canal of spinal cord |
| what are the 3 section the neural tube develops into in early brain development | forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
| what are the parts of the forebrain (prosencephalon) | telencephalon and diencephalon |
| the telencephalon becomes what | cerebrum |
| the diencephalon becomes what | thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
| what are the parts of the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) | metencephalon and myelencephalon |
| what does the metencephalon become | pons and cerebellum |
| what does the myelencephalon become | medulla oblongata |
| where does the ventricular system arise from in the neural tube | the hollow part in the middle |
| ventricles are continuous with each other as well as the | central canal of the spinal cord |
| what do the ventricles circulate | CSF |
| what are the ventricles of the brain | the lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle |
| what are the layers of the meninges | dura, arachnoid, and pia mater |
| the dura mater of the meninges | thickest layer, elongated fibroblasts and large amounts of EC, attached to skull tightly at base of brain and at its sutures and less tightly elsewhere |
| arachnoid of the meninges | vascular layer of the meninges, holds blood supply, the subarachnoid space is where CSF and blood vessels are |
| pia mater of meninges | thinnest, bound very tightly to brain and spinal cord. flattened fibroblasts |
| what generates CSF | choroid plexus that are found in lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle |
| choroid plexus | filters blood to make CSF |
| ependymal cells in choroid plexus | secrete and synthesize CSF |
| ependymal cells in central canal | help move CSF along |
| where is the CSF reabsorbed into venous circulation and by what | subarachnoid space via arachnoid granulations |
| spinal tap | takes out sample of CSF (often for diagnosis of meningitis or to assess intracranial pressure). thin needle is inserted at base of spin in-between vertebrae into subarachnoid space |
| what are the arteries that supply blood to brain | the 2 anterior arteries and the 2 posterior arteries |
| what are the anterior arteries of the brain | internal carotid arteries |
| where do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull | through neck and into skull via foramen spinosum |
| what are the posterior arteries of the brain | vertebral arteries |
| where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull | travel through transverse processes of C1-C6 and enter skull via foramen magnum |
| what are the 3 branches you need to know of the Circle of Willis | anterior cerebral arter, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery |
| what portion of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply blood to | anterior and medial aspect of each hemisphere |
| what portion of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply blood to | lateral portion of the each hemisphere |
| what portion of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood to | posterior aspect of each hemisphere |
| what causes stroke | when one of the cranial vessels becomes blood |
| motor and sensory control is distributed across areas supplied by what | middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery |
| if it's an artery that supplies blood to the medial area of the brain that is compromised then what will be affected | lateral limbs like legs and arms |
| if it's an artery that supplies blood to lateral portions of the brain that is compromised then what will be affected | medial areas of the body like face and the trunk |
| what is the purpose of having gyri and sulci in the brain | to increase surface area |
| what makes up the brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| what does the medulla oblongata control | respiratory, breathing |
| the brain stem is the origin of what cranial nerves | III-XII |
| what is special about the vomiting center in the medulla | it does not have a BBB so that it can sample blood and look for toxins and induce vomiting if there are toxins |
| CN I (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | olfactory, sensory, smell, and cribiform plate |
| CN II (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | optic, sensory, vision, and optic canal |
| CN III (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | oculomotor, motor, eye movement, and superior orbital fissure |
| CN IV (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | trochlear, motor, moves eyes, and superior orbital fissue |
| CN V (name, nerve type, function) | trigeminal, both, face sensation and mastication |
| CN V1 (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | trigeminal opthalmic, sensory, sensation of eyeballs, superior orbital fissure |
| CN V2 (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | trigeminal maxillary, sensory, touch pain temperature of entire face and sensation of teeth, gums, and tongue. foramen rotundum |
| CN V3 (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | trigeminal mandibular, both, sensation of teeth, gums, and tongue and muscles of mastication, foramen ovale |
| CN VI (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | abducens, motor, abducts eye, superior orbital fissure |
| CN VII (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | facial, both, facial expression and taste, internal auditory meatus |
| CN VIII (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | vestibulocochlear, sensory, hearing and balance, internal auditory meatus |
| CN IX (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | glossopharyngeal, both, taste and gag reflex, jugular foramen |
| CN X (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | vagus, both, gag reflex and parasympathetic innervation, jugular formane |
| CN XI (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | accessory, motor, shoulder shrug, jugular foramen |
| CN XII (name, nerve type, function, and foramen) | hypoglossal, motor, swallowing and speech, hypoglossal canal |
| is CN XI a true cranial nerve | no |
| how does the CN XI travel | up the foramen magnum and exits jugular foramen |
| what cells are in the lateral horn of the spinal cord | cell bodies of the autonomic neurons |
| what cells are in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord | cell bodies of motor neurons |
| what cells are in the dorsal (posterior) horn of the spinal cord | cell bodies of the sensory neurons and interneurons |
| spinal nerves | structures where motor and sensory fibers mix |
| spinal roots | purely motor or purely sensory fibers arising form dorsal or ventral motor horns |
| where do the spinal roots of the dorsal and ventral horn combine? | spinal nerve |
| rami | arise from spinal nerves and are now mixed sensory and motor fibers |
| ventral ramus | goes to the front of the body |
| dorsal ramus | goes the back of the body |
| what nerve has no vertebrate | C8 |
| why can a person experience chest and shoulder pain, and also sometimes left arm pain during a heart attack? | because the nerves that innvervate these organs and muscles enter at same level. pain is called reffered pain |
| lateral corticopinal tract | moto signal from brain to spinal cord. descending |
| dorsal columns | deep touch, vibratory, proprioception. from spinal cord to brain. ascending |
| lateral spinothalamic tract | pain and temperature sensation from spinal cord to brain. ascending |
| anterior spinal artery | supplies blood to anterior portion of spinal cord. supplies 2/3 of blood and branches from aorta |
| posterior spinal arteries | 2 of them. supplies blood to posterior portion of the blood and supplies 1/3 of blood to spinal cord in general. |
| where do the posterior spinal arteries branch from | vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
| can arteries in the spinal cord make up for each other in case one of them gets blocked? | not really |
| if a spinal tract is damaged, what is the effect | everything below the tract is compromised |
| if a spinal nerve is damaged, what is the effect | localized effect to those dermatomes and myotomes |
| lateral pterygoid | muscle that protracts and depresses mandible. only one that laterally deviates mandible |
| masseter | muscle that elevates mandible and closes mouth |
| temporalis | muscle that elevates mandible and retracts mandible |
| medial pterygoid | muscle that elevates mandible and closes mouth |
| muscles of mastication | lateral pterygoid, masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid |
| what innervates muscles of mastication | V3 of trigeminal nerve |
| what is the best depressor of the mandible | gravity |
| what nerves come from the cribiform plate | CN I-olfactory |
| what nerves come from optic canal | CN II- optic |
| what nerves come from superior orbital fissure | CN III, IV, VI, and V1 (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and trigeminal opthalmic) |
| what nerves come from foramen rotundum | V2 (trigeminal maxillary) |
| what nerves come from foramen ovale | V3- trigeminal mandibular |
| what nerves come from internal auditory meatus | VII- facial, VIII- vestibulocochlear |
| what nerves come from jugular foramen | IX- glossopharyngeal, X- vagus, XI- accessory |
| what nerves come from hypoglossal canal | XII- hypoglossal |
Created by:
LittleD331
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