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Apologia Human Body
Module 8: Central Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If your blood glucose level drops, the other cells in your body can help your brain cells by using ____________________ so as to allow the neurons to get the glucose that is left. | fat and proteins |
| What part of the brain is significantly larger in humans than in any other vertebrates? | Cerebrum |
| Amphibians typically move in a jerky, uncoordinated fashion compared to other vertebrates because the _________________ is not as well-developed as it is in other vertebrates. | cerebellum |
| What portion of the brain is affected by tranquilizers? | reticular activation system |
| If someone has a concussion and has difficulty speaking but no problem thinking of the words to say, the _______________ was most likely damaged. | Broca's area |
| If a person hits their head and feels numb all over, the _________________________ was affected. | somatic sensory area |
| Tremors, or uncontrolled hand shaking even while at rest, are a sign that there is something wrong with the ________________________________. | basal nuclei |
| Fear reactions that seem to be a natural part of the brain which require no learning are stored here. | limbic system, specifically the amygdaloid nucleus |
| Damage to the dural sinuses can cause bleeding into the subdural space, a subdural hematoma, which would lead to pressure on the ___________________. | brain |
| Why would leakage of the CSF out fo the body increase the risk of meningitis? | Bacteria and pathogens could get in. |
| Where are the cell bodies of the neurons which make up the ventral root? | spinal cord |
| Which neuron in the reflex arc is responsible for interpreting the afferent signals and determining whether or not the reflex should be activated? | association neuron |
| A condition in which the brain is not getting enough oxygen, which kills neurons. | Hypoxia |
| A condition in which the glucose levels in your blood get too low, so neurons cannot produce the energy they need to do their jobs | hypoglycemia |
| Which structure of the brain deals with the motor functions that we perform without conscious thinking of them? | cerebellum |
| A sulcus is a groove that separates the _____________. | gyri |
| The _______________________________ allows the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another. | corpus callosum |
| The general term for structures that allow two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other is ____________________. | commissures |
| receives and localizes general sensations from the entire body | primary somatic sensory area |
| recognizes the meaning of visual information by putting it into context with your past experiences | visual association area |
| interprets the basic visual information such as shape and color | visual cortex |
| deals with the comprehension of speech | Wernicke's area |
| interprets the meaning of sound by placing it into context with your past experiences | auditory association area |
| interprets the basics of sound such as pitch and volume | primary auditory area |
| initiates the muscle movements for speech | Broca's area |
| interprets taste | taste area |
| site of motivation and foresight; regulates mood and emotion | prefrontal area |
| works out the sequence of signals needed for complex motion | premotor area |
| controls skeletal muscle movements | primary motor cortex |
| The majority of CSF is made here | lateral ventricles |
| The job of this is to cushion the brain and provide some nutrition | CSF |
| The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater protect the brain and are collectively called the ________________. | meninges |
| Extensions of arachnoid mater which return CSF into the dural sinus so that it returns to the blood within the dural sinus | arachnoid granulates |
| Allows your muscles to react more quickly than they would if the brain were to have to make all th decisions regarding working the muscles. | reflex arc |
| Where can you find the association neuron in the reflex arc? | spinal cord |
| The afferent neuron forms a ____________________________ to send information along the reflex arc and also to the brain | diverging circuit |
| The efferent neuron is a part of the _____________________, since both the reflex arc and the brain must control the muscle | converging circuit |
| What is the main function of the ventricles in the brain? | produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| In a reflex arc, an _____________sends a signal to an association neuron in the spinal cord. If the signal is interpreted as severe pain, heat, etc., the association neuron immediately sends a signal down the efferent neuron which controls the muscles. | afferent neuron |
| The association neuron in the reflex arc forms a forms a converging circuit which _____________ at the cell body, so both the reflex arc and the brain can control the muscle. | synapses |
| Gray matter | Collections of nerve cell bodies and their associated neuroglia |
| White matter | Bundles of parallel axons and their sheaths |
| Decussation | A crossing over |
| Vital functions | Those functions of the body necessary for life on a short-term basis |
| Commissures | Connections of nerve fibers which allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another |
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