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A & P ch12
neural tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 12-1 The 2 major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are: | Central nervous system (cns) and Peripheral nervous system (pns) |
| 12-1 The central nervous system (cns)consists of: | the brain and spinal cord |
| 12-1 the primary function(s) of the nervous system include: | a. providing sensation of the internal and external enviromnents b.integrating sensory information c. regulating and controlling peripheral structures and systems |
| 12-2 neurons are responsible for: | information transfer and processing in the nervous system |
| 12-2 The region of a neuron with voltage-gated sodium channels is the: | Axon hillox |
| 12-2 Neurons are classified on the basis of the structure as: | anaxonic,unipolar,bipolar,multipolar |
| 12-2 Neurons are classified on the basis of their function as: | motor(efferent),sensor(afferent), association(interneurons) |
| 12-3The two major cell populations of neural tissue are: | neurons and neuroglia |
| 12-3 the types of glial cells in the central nervous system are: | 1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3.Microglia 4. Ependymal cells |
| 12-3 The neuroglia that play a role in structural organization by tying clusters of axons together are the : | oligodendrocytes |
| 12-4 Depolarization of the membrane will shift the membrane potential toward: | 0 mV |
| 12-4 The resting membrane potential (RMP) of a typical neuron is: | -70 mV |
| 12-5 If resting membrane potential is -70 mV and the threshold is -60 mV, a membrane potential of -62 mV will: | not produce an action potential |
| 12-5 At the site of an action potential the membrane contains: | An excess of positive ions inside and an excess of negative ions outside. Negative w/iNside and pOsitive w/the Outside |
| 12-5 If the resting membrane potential is -70 mV, a hyperpolarized membrane is: | -80 mv |
| 12-6 a node along the axon represents an area where there is: | an absence of myelin |
| 12-6 The larger the diameter of the axon: | The faster an action potential will be conducted. like monster cable for a stereo. |
| 12-6 The two most important factors that determine the rate of action potential conduction are: | the presence or absence of a myelin steath and the diameter of the axon |
| 12-7 At an electrical synapse, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together at: | gap junctions |
| 12-7 chemical synapses differ from electric synapses, because chemical synapses: | involve a neurotransmitter |
| 12-7 the effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the: | properties of the receptor |
| 12-7 Exocytosis and the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is triggered by: | calcium ions flooding into the axoplasm |
| 12-7 The normal stimulus for neurotransmitter release is the depolarization of the synaptic knob by the: | arrival of an action potential |
| 12-8 Inhibitory or hyperpolarizing CNS neurotransmitters include: | dopamine and serotonin |
| 12-9 An excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP)is: | a depolarization produced by the arrival of a neuro-transmitter |
| 12-9 an inhibitory postsynaptic potential(IPSP) is a: | transient hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane |
| 12-9 Compounds that have an indirect effect on membrane potential work through intermediaries known as: | second messengers |
| 12-9 The reason(s) that active neurons need ATP is to support: | A.the synthesis, release, and recycling of neurotransmitter molecules B.the recovery from action potentials C.The movement of materials to and from the soma via axoplasmic flow |
| 12-9 Sensory neurons are responsible for carrying impulses: | to the CNS |
| 12-9 Interneurons, or associated neurons, differ from sensory and motor neurons because of their: | exclusive location in the brain and spinal cord |
| 12-9 Efferent pathways consist of axons that carry impulses: | away from the CNS |
| 12-9 Graded potentials that develop in the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter are: | postsynaptic potentials |
| 12-9 The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession is: | temporal summation |
| The visceral motor system that provides automatic,involuntary regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular secretions is the _____________. | autonomic nervous system |
| The "branches" that enable a single neuron to communicate with several other cells are called ___________. | collaterals |
| Sensory information is brought to the CNS by means of the ________ fibers. | afferent |
| In times of infection or injury the type of neuroglia that will increase in numbers is __________. | microglia |
| The sum of all the chemical and electrical forces active across the cell membrane is known as the __________. | electrochemical gradient |
| An action potential occurs only if the membrane is depolarized to the level known as __________. | threshold |
| The process that conducts impulses along a myelineated axon at a high rate of speed is called ________ conduction. | saltatory |
| The type of synapse where direct physical contact between the cells occurs is a(an) ____________. | electrical |
| The neuromuscular junction is a synapse where the postsynaptic cell is a(an)________. | skeletal muscle fiber |
| Chemical synapses that release that neurotransmitter acetycholine are known as _________ synapses. | cholinergic |
| Chemical synapses that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine are known as ___________ synapses. | adrenergic |
| Compounds that influence the postsynaptic cells' response to a neurotransmitter are called _____________. | neuromodulators |
| Addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a single synapse is called ____________. | temporal summation |
| Addition of stimuli arriving at different location of the nerve cell membrane is called ____________. | spatial summation |
| Sensory neurons that monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints are called ____________. | proprioceptors |
| The spread of nerve impulses from one neuron to several neurons is called ____________. | divergence |
| A graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane is referred to as a(n) ____________. | IPSP |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary control |
| autonomic nervous system | involuntary control |
| axons | transmit action potentials |
| visceral sensory neurons | interoceptors |
| somatic sensory neurons | exteroceptors |
| neuroglia | supporting brain cells |
| maintain blood-brain barriers | astrocytes |
| sodium channel inactivation | +30 mV |
| resting membrane potential (neuron) | -70 mV |
| potassium ion movement | repolarization |
| unmyelinated axons | continuous conduction |
| nodes of Ranvier | saltatory conduction |
| electrical synapses | gap junctions |
| norepinephrine | adrenergic synapse |
| GABA | inhibitory effect |
| CNS neurotransmitter | serotonin |
| second messenger | cAMP |
| EPSP | depolarization |
| spatial summation | simultaneous multiple synapses |
| The anatomical division of the nervous system responsible for integrating, processing and coordinating sensory information is the: | (CNS) central nervous system |
| Interneurons are responsible for: | analysis of sensory inputs and coordination of motor outputs |
| A long cytoplasmic process capable of propagating an action potential is the: | axon |
| The type of cells that surround the nerve cell bodies in peripheral ganglia are: | satellite cells |
| Schwann cells are glial cells responsible for: | producing a myelin layer around peripheral axons |
| When a barrier prevents the movement of opposite charges toward one another, a(an): | potential difference may exist |
| The membranous wrapping of electrical insulation, called myelin, aroun an axon is responsible for: | increasing the speed at which an action potential travels along an axon |
| The simplest form of information processing in the nervous system is: | the integration of stimuli at the level of the individual cell |
| During the relative refractory period a larger-than-normal depolarizing stimulus can: | initiate a second action potential |
| Saltatory conduction conducts impulses along an axon: | five to seven times faster than continuous conduction |
| In type C fiber action potentials are conducted at speeds of approximately: | 2 mph |
| The larger the diameter of the axon, the: | faster the rate of transmission |
| Facilitation in the neuron's transmembrane potential refers to: | a shift closer to theshold |
| Sensory neurons that provide information about the external envirnment through the sense of sight,smell,hearing, and touch are called: | exteroceptors |
| the main functional difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system is that the activities of the ANS are: | primarily involuntary or under "automatic" control |
| EPSPs and IPSPs reflect the activation of different types of chemically gated channels, producing: | opposing effects on the transmembrane potential |
| If one EPSP depolarizes the initial segment from a resting potential of -70mV to -65mV, and threshold is at -60mv: | an action potential will not be generated |
| presynaptic facilitation refers to the: | Calcium channels remaining open for a longer period, thus increasing the amount of neurotrnasmitter released |
| The cytoplasm that surrounds a neuron's nucleus is referred to as the _____________. | perikaryon |
| Nerve cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called__________. | ganglia |
| Movement of charges, such as ions, is referred to as ___________. | current |
| The potential difference that exists across a membrane or other barrier is expressed as a(n) _____________. | voltage |
| Ion channels that open or close in response to specific stimuli are called __________ channels. | voltage-regulated |
| The loss of positive ions, which causes a shift in the resting potential to -80mV or more, is referred to as __________. | hyperpolarization |
| An action potential traveling along an axon is called a(n) ___________. | nerve impulse |
| The small phagocytic cells that occur in increased numbers in infected and damaged areas of the CNS are called _______. | microglia |
| Axons extending from the CNS to a ganglion are called __________. | preganglionic fibers |
| Axons connecting the ganglionic cells with peripheral effectors are known as __________. | postganglionic fibers |
| Neurons that may be situated betwen sensory and motor neurons are called __________ neurons. | interneurons |
| If a synapse involves direct physical contact between cells, it is termed electrical; if the synapse is termed chemical it involves a _________. | neurotransmitter |
| the addition of stimuli that arrive at a single synapse in rapid succession is called ___________. | temporal summation |
| Collections of nerve bodies in the CNS are termed ____________. | nuclei |
| The axonal bundles that make up the white matter of the CNS are called _________. | tracts |
Created by:
msd94
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