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Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Afferent nerves | Sensory transmitters that send impulses from receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the central nervous system. |
| Autonomic nervous system | Branch of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions |
| Cell body | Part of an axon that contains a nucleus |
| Central nervous system | The brain and spinal cord |
| Dendrites | Branches of a neuron that collects stimuli and transport them to the cell body |
| Efferent nerves | Motor transmitters that carry impulses form the central nervous system out to the muscles and glands |
| Myelin sheath | The fatty bands of insulation surrounding axon fivers |
| Neurilemma | The thin membranous sheath enveloping a nerve fiber |
| Neuroglia | Non-neural tissue that forms the interstitial or supporting elements of the CNS; also known as glial cells |
| Nodes of Ranvier | The uninsulated gaps in the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber where the axon is exposed |
| Peripheral nervous system | All parts of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord |
| Somatic nervous system | Branch of the nervous system that stimulates the skeletal muscles |
| Synapse | The intersecton between a neuron and another neuron, a muscle, a gland, or a sensory receptor |
| Autonomic reflexes | Involuntary stimuli transmitted to cardiac and smooth muscle |
| Conductivity | the ability of a neuron to transmit a nerve impulse |
| Depolarixed | a condition in which the inside of a cell membranes is more positively charged than the outside |
| Nerve Impulse | electrical charge that travels along a nerve fiber when stimulated |
| Polarixed | a condition that occurs when the inside of a cell membrane is more negatively charges that the outside |
| Reflexes | simple rapid involuntary programmed responses to stimuli |
| Refractory period | the time between the completion of the action potential and repolarization |
| Repolarixation | the reestablishment of a polarixation |
| Saltatory conduction | the rapid skipping of an action potential from node to node on myelinated neurons |
| Somatic reflexes | involuntary stimuli transmitted to skeletal muscles from neural arcs in the spinal cord. |
| Cerebellum | Secton of the brain that coordinates body movements including balance |
| Cerebrum | The larges part of the brain consisting of the right and left hemisperes |
| Diencenphalon | Area of the brain that includes the spithalamus, thalamus, metathalamus and hypothalamus also known as the inter brain |
| Epithalamus | the uppermost portion of the diencephalon which includes hte pineal gland and regulates sleep-cycle hormones |
| Fissures | the uniformly positioned deep grooves in the brain |
| Frontal lobes | sections of the brain located behind the forehead |
| Hypothalamus | a portion of the diencephalon which regulates functions such as metabolism, heart rate, and blood pressure |
| Lobes | the name for the four regions of the brain- frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal |
| Medulla oblongata | the lower portion of the brain stem which regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing and controls several reflexes |
| Meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| Midbrain | relay station for sensory and motor impulses; located on the superior end of the brain stem |
| occipital lobes | sections of the brain located behind the parietal lobes; integrate sensory information form the skin, internal organs, muscles and joints |
| Parietal lobes | sections of the brain located behind the frontal lobes; integrate sensory information from the skin. internal organs muscles, and joints |
| Pons | the section of the brain located below the midbrain that plays a role in regulating breathing |
| Primary motor cortex | outer region of the brain in the frontal lobes that sends neural impulses to the skeletal muscles. |
| Primary somatic sensory cortex | outer region of the brain in the parietal lobes that interprets sensory impulses received from the skin internal organs, muscles, and joints |
| Spinal cord | a column of nerve tissue that extends form the brain stem to the beginning of the lumbar region of the spine |
| Temporal lobes | the most inferior portions of the brain; responsible for speech, hearing, vision, memory, and emotion |
| Thalamus | the largest portion of the diencephalon, which communicates sensory and motor information between the body and the cerebral cortex |
| Cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that originate in the brain and relay impulses to and from the PNS |
| Craniosacral division | The parasympathetic nervous system, in which nerves originate in the brain stem or sacral region of the spinal cord |
| Dorsal ramus | The division of posterior spinal nerves that transmit motor impulses to the posterior trunk muscles and relay sensory impulses from the skin of the back |
| Endoneurium | A delicate, connective tissue that surrounds each nerve fiber |
| Epineurium | The tough outer covering of a nerve |
| Ganglion | A mass of nervous tissue composed mostly of nerve-cell bodies. |
| Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the sympatheric nervous system |
| Paravertebral gangilia | Mass of nerve cell bodies close to the spinal cord |
| Pernieurium | A protective sheath that surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers |
| Plexuses | Complex interconnections of nerves |
| Postganglionic neuron | The second neuron in a series that transmits impulses from teh CNS |
| Preganglionic neuron | The first neuron in a series that transmits impulses from the CNS |
| Spinal nerves | Neural transmitters that branch from the left and right sides of the spinal cord |
| Thoracolumbar division | The sympatheric system of nerves that lies near the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine |
| Ventral ramus | The anterior divisions of spinal nerves that communicate with the muscle and skin of the anterior and lateral trunk |
| Alzheimer's disease | Condition involving a progressive loss of brain function with major consequences for memory, thinking, and behavior |
| Cerebral palsy | A group of nervous system disorders resulting from brain damage before or during birth, or in early infance |
| Dementia | An organic brain disease involving loss of function in two or more areas of cognition |
| Epilepsy | A group of brain disorders characterized by repeated seizures over time |
| Meningitis | AN infection-induced inflammation of the meniges surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| Multiple sclerosis | A chronic, slowly progressive sidease of the central nervous system that destroys the myelin sheath of nerve cell axons |
| Paraplegia | Disorder characterized by loss of function below the neck |
| Parkinson's disease | A chronic nervous system disease characterized by a slowly spreading tremor. muscular weakness, and rigidity |
| Quadriplegia | Disorder characterized by loss of function in the lower trunk and legs |
| Traumatic brain injury | Mild or severe trauma that can result form a violent impact to the head. |
Created by:
cheyannem
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