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AP FINAL
AP LECTURE FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SKELETAL MUSCLE | VOLUNTARY - SUBJECT TO CONSCIOUS CONTROL, ALTERNATING DARK AND LIGHT BANDS, Z LINES AND M LINES, LONG MUSCLE FIBERS |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE | HEART MUSCLE - PUMPS BLOOD. INVOLUNTARY - AUTORYTHMIC. MADE OF CARDIOMYOCYTES LINKED BY INTERCALATED DISKS WITH ELECTRICAL GAP JUNCTIONS. RECTANGLE SHAPED WITH FORKED ENDS |
| SMOOTH MUSCLE | MADE OF MYOCYTES. IN WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS AND MAY BODY CAVITIES AND VISERA (ORGANS), MAINTAINS MUSCLE TONE TO KEEP FROM COLLAPSING IN. NO SARCOLEMAS OR ZLINES. OVAL SHAPE...FAT IN THE MIDDLE AND TAPERED AT THE ENDS |
| A BANDS | THE OVERLAP OF ACTIN AND MYOSIN FIBERS |
| I BANDS | LIGHT ACTIN FILAMENTS |
| Z LINE | PLAQUE PROTEINS THAT ANCHOR THE ACTIN FILAMENTS |
| M LINE | CONNECTS THE MYOSIN FILAMENTS |
| TREPPE | A MODERATE FREQUENCY OF REPETITIVE STIMULATION. THE MUSCLE RELAXES FULLY IN BETWEEN CONTRACTIONS AND SUCCESSIVE TWITCHES ARE STRONGER |
| INCOMPLETE TETANY | A HIGHER FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION. THE MUSCLE DOES NOT FULLY RELAX BETWEEN CONTRACTIONS. FORCE OF EACH CONTRACTION BUILDS ON THE PREVIOUS CONTRACTION. |
| COMPLETE TETANY | FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION DOES NOT ALLOW FOR RELAXATION BETWEEN CONTRACTIONS. |
| RECRUITMENT | MOTOR UNIT RECRUITEMENT. RESPONSIBLE FOR SMOOTH MOVEMENT. SMALLER MOTOR UNITS ARE ACTIVATED FIRST AND LARGER MOTOR UNITS ARE ACTIVATED AS MORE STRENGTH IS NEEDED. ALLOWS FOR LESS MUSCLE FATIGUE AS MUSCLES TAKE TURNS ACTIVATING. |
| ISOMETRIC | MUSCLE TENSION WITH NO CHANGE IN LENGTH |
| ISOTONIC (CONCENTRIC) | TENSION RISES TO MEET RESISTANCE AND THEN SHORTENS |
| ISOTONIC (ECCENTRIC) | MUSCLE LENGTHENS TO MEET RESISTANCE |
| STRUCTURAL TYPES OF NEURONS | MULTIPOLAR, BIPOLAR AND UNIPOLAR. |
| MULTIPOLAR NEURON | MANY EXTENSIONS FROM THE CELL BODY. MOST COMMON. ALL MOTOR NEURONS AND INTERNEURONS ARE MULTIPOLAR |
| BIPOLAR NEURON | ONE AXON AND ONE DENDRITE EXTEND FROM THE CELL BODY. NOT COMMON IN ADULTS. IN SPECIAL SENSE (EYES, NOSE) |
| UNIPOLAR NEURON | CELL BODY HAS A SHORT PROCESS LEADING TO ONE LONG AXON WITH DENDRITES ON ONE END. THESE ARE IN SENSORY NEURONS AND PNS GANGLIA |
| CNS GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA) | OLIGODENDRICYTES, EPENDYMAL, MICROGLIA, ASTROCYTES |
| OLIGODENDRICYTES | OCTOPUS SHAPED. MYELINATED. WRAPS AROUND NERVE FIBERS |
| EPENDYMAL | LINES THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. CILIATED - ASSISTS WITH MOVEMENT OF CSF |
| MICROGLIA | SPIDER LIKE PHAGOCYTES |
| ASTROCYTES | MOST ABUNDENT. PROVIDE A BARRIER BETWEEN CAPPILARIES AND NERUONS. HELPS FORM THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. CONTROLS THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT |
| PNS GLIAL CELLS | SCHWANN CELLS AND SATELLITE CELLS |
| SCHWANN CELLS | MYELINATED - CELLS WRAP AROUND THE AXONS. MYELIN IS NECESSARY FOR REGENERATION OF NERVE FIBERS (NOT POSSIBLE IN THE CNS). HELPS SIGNAL CONDUCTION OF NERVE FIBER. |
| SATELLITE CELLS | WRAP AROUND CELL BODIES. ELECTRICALLY INSULATES THEM AND REGULATES THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT |
| NEUROTRANSMITTER TOXINS | ACH INHIBITORS, ACHE INHIBITORS AND ACHR INHIBITORS |
| CNS GREY MATTER CELL BODIES | NUCLEI |
| CNS WHITE MATTER - BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS | TRACTS |
| PNS GREY MATTER CELL BODIES | GANGLIA |
| PNS WHITE MATTER - BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS | NERVES |
| T-TUBLE | CARRIES ELECTRICAL CURRENTS FROM THE CELL SURFACE TO THE INTERIOR WHEN THE CELL IS STIMULATED |
| SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM | FORMS A WEBLIKE STRUCTURE AROUND EACH MYOFIBRIL AND IS A RESERVOIR OF CA2+. WHEN STIMULATED IT RELEASES CA2+ INTO THE CYTOSOL TO ACTIVATE CONTRACTION |
| MOTOR NEURONS | NERVE CELLS THAT STIMULATE SKELETAL MUSCLES |
| MOTOR NERVE FIBERS | MOTOR NEURON AXONS THAT LEAD TO THE MUSCLES |
| SLOW TWITCH FIBERS | RED MUSCLES. LONG/SLOW TWITCHES. DO NOT FATIGUE EASILY (E.G SOLEUS) |
| FAST TWITCH FIBERS | WHITE MUSCLES. QUICK RESPONSES. FATIGUE EASILY |
| REFRACTORY PERIOD | A PERIOD WHERE THE MEMBRANE OF A NEURON CANNOT BE STIMULATED |
| GYRUS | THE BUMPS ON THE SURFACE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX (BRAIN) |
| SULCUS | THE GROOVES IN THE SURFACE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX (BRAIN) |
| FISSURES | DEEP GROOVES DIVIDING THE CEREBRUM INTO LOBES |
| POST CENTRAL GYRUS | BEHIND THE CENTRAL GYRUS. PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX |
| PRE CENTRAL GYRUS | IN FRONT OF THE CENTRAL GYRUS. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX |
| SPECIAL SENSES | TASTE, VISION, AUDITORY, OLFACTORY |
| BROCAS AREA | INVOLVED IN OUR ABILITY TO SPEAK. PRODUCTION OF SPEECH |
| WERNIKE'S AREA | IMPORTANT FOR LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT. COMPREHENSION OF SPEECH. LOCATED IN THE LEFT TEMPORAL LOBE. |
| BASAL NUCLEI | AKA BASAL GANGLIA. GREY MATTER OF THE CNS THAT CONTROLS MOVEMENT. |
| OCCIPITAL LOBE | VISION |
| PARIETAL LOBE | SENSORY, TOUCH, PAIN, SPACE |
| FRONTAL | MOTOR AND IMPULSE CONTROL |
| TEMPORAL | HEARING (AND SMELL), LONG TERM LEARNING VIA HIPPOCAMPUS |
| PROJECTION FIBERS | CONSIST OF EFFERENT AND AFFERENT FIBERS UNITING THE CORTEX WITH LOWER PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. |
| COMMISURAL FIBERS | TRANSVERSE FIBERS IN THE WHITE MATTER THAT CONNECT THE TWO HEMISPHERES |
| ASSOCIATION FIBERS | AXONS THAT CROSS OVER ONE ANOTHER WITHIN THE SAME HEMISPHERE |
| MENINGES | DURA MATTER, ARACHNOID, PIA MATTER |
| CSF FLOW | 1. LATERAL VENTRICAL 2. INTRAVENTRICULAR FORAMEN 3. THIRD VENTRICAL 4. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT 5. 4TH VENTRICLE 5. SUBARACHNOID SPACE 7. SUBARCHNOID GRANULES |
Created by:
kdelacosta
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