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Bones and Joints
The Skeleton: Bones and Joints A&P Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skeleton | The internal vertebrae structure composed of bone and cartilage and protects and supports the soft organs, tissues, and parts |
| Long Bone | The most familiar shape of bone. The type of bone that makes up almost the entire skeleton of the arms and legs. |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of a long bone. |
| Medullary Cavity | Channel at the center of a long bone that contains bone marrow |
| Epiphysis | A part of a bone that is seperated from the shaft by cartilage until growth is complete. End of a long bone |
| Osseous Tissue | Bone Tissue |
| Compact Bone | Hard and dense bone. This tissue makes up the main shaft of a long bone and the outer layer of other bones |
| Haversian Canal | Any of the fine inter-connecting channels that carry the blood and nerve supply in bones. Channel in the center of an osteon (Haversian system), a subunit of compact bone. |
| Lacunae | Spaces in the Haversian Canal |
| Haversain System | Also known as an osteon |
| Osteon | Subunit of compact bone, consisting of concentric rings of bone tissue around a central channel |
| Perforating Canals | Channel across a long bone that contains blood vessels and nerves. |
| Spongy Bone | Another type of bone tissue, found at the end of long bones and center of other bones |
| Cancellous Bone | Another name for spongy bone |
| Red Marrow | Found at the ends of long bones and at the center of other bones. Manufactures red blood cells. |
| Yellow Marrow | Is found chiefly in the central cavities of the long bones. Is composed largely of fat |
| Periosteum | Connective tissue membrane covering a bone |
| Osteoblasts | Bone-forming cells |
| Endosteum | Thin membrane that lines a bone's marrow cavity |
| Ossification | Process of bone formation |
| Matrix | The non-living backgroud in a tissue, the intercellular material |
| Collagen | Flexible white protein that gives strength and resilience to connective tissue, such as bone and cartilage |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue |
| Resorption | Loss of substance, such as that of bone or tooth |
| Epiphyseal Plates | Secondary bone-forming centers that develop across the ends of bones, around the time of birth |
| Bone Markings | In addition to their shape these are other distinguishing features of bones |
| Head | A rounded, knoblike end seperated from the rest of the bone by a slender region, the neck |
| Process | A large projection of a bone, such as the superior part of the ulna in the forearm that creates the elbow |
| Condyle | A rounded projection |
| Epicondyle | A small projection above a condyle |
| Crest | A distinct border or ridge, often rough, such as over the top of the hip bone |
| Spine | A sharp projection from the surface of the bone |
| Foramen | A hole that allows a vessel or a nerve to pass through or between bones |
| Sinus | An air space found in some skull bones |
| Fossa | A depression on a bone surface |
| Meatus | A short channel or passageway, such as the channel in the temporal bone of the skull that leads to the inner ear |
| Axial Skeleton | The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, spinal column, and sternum and consists of 80 bones |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the upper extremiies, lower extremities, shoulder girdle, and hips, and consists of 126 bones |
| Extremities | Limb; an arm or a leg |
| Skull | Bony framework of the head |
| Cranium | The rounded chamber that encloses the brain and is composed of eight distinct bones |
| Frontal Bone | The bone that forms the forehead, the anterior of the skull's roof, and the roof of the eye orbit (socket) |
| Socket | Also known as the eye orbit |
| Frontal Sinus | The air spaces that communicate with the nasal cavities |
| Paranasal Sinuses | The air spaces that are located near the nose |
| Parietal | The two bones that form most of the top and the side walls of the cranium |
| Temporal Bone | Two bones that form part of the sides and some of the base of the skull |
| Mastoid Sinuses | Air spaces that are contained in the temporal bone; along with the ear canal, the eardrum, and the ears entire middle and internal portions |
| Mastoid Process | Part of the temporal bone that projects downward immediately behind the external part of the ear |
| Ethmoid Bone | A light, fragile bone located between the eyes. It forms a part of the eye orbit's medial wall, a small portion of the cranial floor, and most of the nasal cavity roof. |
| Nasal Septum | A midline partition in the nose |
| Sphenoid Bone | When seen from a superior view resembles a bat with wings extended. It lies at the base of the skull anterior to the temporal bones and forms part of the eye socket |
| Sella Turcica | The saddle-like depression of the sphenoid bone that holds and protects the pituitary gland |
| Occipital Bone | Forms the skull's posterior and part of its base |
| Foramen Magnum | Located at the base of the occipital bone, is a large opening through which the spinal cord communicates with the brain |
| Suture | Type of joint in which bone surfaces are closely united, as in the skull |
| Coronal Suture | Joins the frontal bone with the two parietal bones along the coronal plane |
| Squamous Suture | Joins the temporal bone to the parietal bone on the cranium's lateral surface (named because it is in a flat portion of the skull) |
| Lambdoid Suture | Joins the occipital bone with the parietal bones in the posterior cranium |
| Sagittal Suture | Joins the two parietal bones along the superior midline of the cranium, along the sagittal plane |
| Mandible | Lower jaw bone, is the skull's only movable bone |
| Maxillae | Fuse in the midline to form the upper jaw bone including the anterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth) |
| Palate | Roof of the oral cavity, |
| Hard Palate | Anterior portion of the oral cavity |
| Soft Palate | Posterior portion of the oral cavity |
| Maxillary Sinus | Large air space in each maxilla that communicates with the nasal cavity |
| Zygomatic Bone | Two bones,one on each side, form the prominences of the cheeks |
| Nasal Bone | Two bones that lie side by side and form the bridge of the nose |
| Lacrimal Bone | Two bones, each about the size of a fingernail, form the anterior medial wall of each orbital cavity |
| Vomer | Shaped like the blade of a plow, forms the inferior part of the nasal septum |
| Palatine Bone | Paired bones that form the posterior part of the hard palate |
| Inferior Nasal Conchae | Two bones that extend horizontally along the lateral (side) wall of the nasal cavities. |
| Ossicles | One of the three small bones of the middle ear; malleus, incus, and stapes |
| Hyoid Bone | Located just below the madible (jaw bone), a single horseshow, or U-shaped, to which the tongue and other muscles are attached |
| Fontanels | Membranous area in the infant skull where bone has not yet formed; "soft spot" |
| Vertebral Column | Another name for the spine |
| Thorax | Bones of the chest |
| Vertebrae | Bones of the spinal column |
| Spinal Process | Projecting posteriorly (toward the back) from the bony arch that encircles the spinal cord, which can usually be felt just under the skin of the back |
| Transverse Process | Projecting laterally on each side, these processes are attachment points for muscles |
| Intervertebral Foramina | Holes between the vertebrae as they join together through which spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord |
| Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) | Vertebrae that are located in the neck |
| Atlas | The first cervical vertebrae |
| Axis | The second cervical vertebrae |
| Dens | An upright toothlike part of the axis, that projects into the atlas as a pivot point |
| Transverse Foramina | The hole in the transverse process on each side to accomodate blood vessels and nerves that supply the neck and head, found only in the cervical vertebrae |
| Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) | Vertebrae that are located in the chest |
| Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) | Vertebrae located in the small of the back |
| Sacral Verterae | Five seperate bones in the child that later fuse into one bone in the adult. Wedged between the two hip bones and completes the posterior part of the bony pelvis |
| Sacrum | Name of the fused bone in the adult that completes the bony pelvis |
| Coccygeal Vertebrae | Consists of four or five tiny bones in the child that later fuse into one bone in the adult |
| Coccyx | Tail bone |
| Concave | Curves away from the viewer |
| Convex | Curves toward the viewer |
| Ribs | One of the slender curved bones that make up most of the thorax |
| Sternum | Breastbone |
| Manubrium | The superior portion of the sternum that is in the broad T-shape that joins laterally on the right and left with the clavicle. |
| Clavicle | Collarbone. Is a slender bone with two shallow curves |
| Clavicular Notch | The point on the manubrium where the clavicle joins |
| Sternal Angle | Where the manubrim joins the body of the sternum, which is long and bladelike, there is a slight elevation which easily can be felt as a surface landmark |
| Xiphoid Process | The inferior end of the sternum consisting of a small tip that is made of cartilage in youth but becomes bone in teh adult. Used as a landmark for CPR |
| True Ribs | The first seven pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum |
| Costal Cartilage | Indiviudal extensions of cartliage that attach the ribs directly to the sternum |
| False Ribs | The remaining 5 pairs of ribs, are attacted to the cartilage of the rib above |
| Floating Ribs | The last two pairs of ribs that have no anterior attachment at all |
| Intercostal Spaces | The spaces between the ribs that contain muscles, blood vessels, and nerves |
| Scapula | Shoulder blade |
| Spine of the Scapula | The posterior raised ridge that can be felt behind the shoulder in the upper portion of the back |
| Supraspinous Fossa | Muscles that move the arm that attach to a depression superior to the scapular spine |
| Infraspinous Fossa | Muscles that move the arm that attach to a depression inferior ot eh scapular spine |
| Acrominon | The process that joins the clavicle. This can be felt as the highest point of the shoulder |
| Glenoid Cavity | Below the acrominon there is a shallow socket, which forms a ball-and-socket joint with the arm bone |
| Coracoid Process | Medial to the glenoid cavity, to which muscles attach |
| Humerus | Arm bone |
| Trochlea | A pulley-shaped mid-portion that forms a joint with the ulna of the forearm |
| Ulna | In the anatomic position, the ulna lies on the medial side fo the forearm in line with the little finger |
| Radius | In the anatomic position, the radius lies laterally above the thumb |
| Supine | Face up or Palm up |
| Prone | Face down or Palm down |
| Styloid Process | Distal projection of the ulna |
| Olecranon | The proximal end of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow |
| Trochlear Notch | Allows a hinge action at the elbow joint |
| Semilunar Notch | The ulnar depression so named because of its deep half-moon shape |
| Carpal Bones | Eight small bones contained in the wrist that are arranged into two rows of four each; Hamate, Pisiform, Triquetral, Lunate, Trapezoid, Trapezium, Capitate, and Scaphoid |
| Metacarpal Bones | Five bones that are the framework for the palm of each hand |
| Knuckles | The rounded distal ends of the metacarpal bones |
| Phalanges (Upper) | 14 finger bones in each hand, two for the thumb and three for each finger |
| Phalanx | Name of each of the bones in the finger |
| Os Coxae | Hip bone that starts out as three bones but later fuses |
| Ilium | Forms the upper flared portion of the pelvis |
| Iliac Crest | The curved rim along the ilium's superior border. It can be felt just below the waist |
| Anterior Superior Iliac Spine | One of two bony projections at either end of the crest, which is often used as a surface landmark in diagnosis and treatment |
| Ischium | The lowest and strongest part of the pelvis |
| Ischial Spine | At the posterior of the pelvic outlet is used as a reference point during childbirth to indicate the progress of the present part down the birth canal |
| Ischial Tuberosity | Located just inferior to the spine,which helps support the trunks weight with a person sits down |
| Pubis | Forms the anterior part of the os coxae |
| Pubic Symphysis | The joint formed by the union of the two hip bones anteriorly. This joint becomes more flexible late in pregnancy to allow for passage of the baby's head during childbirth |
| Acetabulum | Portions of all three pelvic bones contribute to the formation of the deep-socket that holds the head of the femur,to form the hip joint |
| Obturator Foramen | The largest foramina in the entire body are found near the anterior of each hip bone on either side of the pubic symphysis |
| Pelvis | A strong bony girdle completed posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx of the spine |
| Pelvic Cavity | Lower abdomen. Organs include the urinary bladder, the internal reproductive organs, and parts of the intestines |
| Femur | The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body |
| Greater Trochanter | The large lateral projection near the head of the femur, used as a surface landmark |
| Lesser Trochanter | A smaller elevation is located on the medial side |
| Linea Aspera | The long central ridge, located on the posterior surface, which is a point for attachment of hip muscles |
| Patella | Kneecap |
| Sesamoid Bone | A type of bone that develops within a tendon or a joint capusle |
| Tibia | The shin bone, located medially on the great toe side, is the larger weight-bearing bone |
| Fibula | The small of the leg bones located laterally to the tibia does not reach the knee joint |
| Medial Malleolus | A downward projection of the tibia's distal end; it forms the prominence on the inner aspect of the ankle |
| Lateral Malleolus | Located at the fibula's distal end; forms the prominence on the outer aspect of the ankle |
| Tarsal Bone | Foot bones; seven in number: cuboid, cuniform (3), talus, calcaneus, and navicular |
| Calcaneus | The largest of the tarsal bones, also called the heel bone |
| Metatarsal Bones | The five bones that form the framework of the instep and the heads of these bones form the ball of the foot |
| Phalanges (Lower) | 14 toe bones; there are two in the great toe, and three in each toe, |
| Osteoporosis | A disorder of bone formation in which there is a lack of normal calcium salt deposits and a decrease in bone protein |
| Osteopenia | Reduction in bone density to below average levels |
| Osteitis Deformans (Paget Disease) | The bones undergo peroids of calcium loss followed by peroids of excessive deposition of calcium salts, as a result the bones become deformed. |
| Osteomalacia | Bone tissue softens due to lack of calcium salt formation. |
| Rickets | Osteomalacia in children. Causes the skeleton to remain soft and become distorted |
| Tumors | Neoplasms that develop in bone tissue may be either benign or malignant |
| Osteosarcoma | Malignant bone tumors that most commonly occurs in a young person in a bone's growing regoin, especially around the knee |
| Chondrosarcoma | Malignant bone tumor that arises in cartilage and usually appears in midlife |
| Osteomyelitis | An inflammation of bone caused by pyogenic bacteria |
| Pyogenic | Pus-producing |
| Tuberculosis | This disease may spread to bones, especially the long bones of the extremities and the wrist, and ankle bones |
| Pott Disease | Tuberculosis of the spine. |
| Curvatures of the Spine | Abnormalities of the spinal curves |
| Kyphosis | An exaggeration of the thoracic curve, commonly referred to as "hunchback" |
| Lordosis | An excessive lumbar curve, commonly knonw as "swayback" |
| Scoliosis | A lateral curvature of the vertebral column, occurs in the rapid growth period of the teens more often in girls that in boys |
| Cleft Plate | A congenital deformity in where there is an opening in the roof of the mouth owing to a faulty union of the maxiallary bones |
| Flat Foot | A common disorder in which the tendons and ligaments that support's the foots long arch are weakened and the curve of the arch flattens |
| Fracture | A break in a bone, usually caused by trauma |
| Closed Fracture | A simple bone fracture with no open wound |
| Open Fracture | A broken bone protrudes through the skin or an external wound leads to a broken bone |
| Greenstick Fracture | One side of the bone is broken and the other is bent. These are most common in children |
| Impacted Fracture | The broken ends of the bone are jammed into each other |
| Comminuted Fracture | There is more than one fracture line and the bone is splintered or crushed |
| Spiral Fracture | The bone has been twisted apart. These are relatively common in skiing accidents |
| Transverse Fracture | The fracture goes straight across the bone |
| Oblique Fracture | The break occurs at an angle across the bone |
| Articulation | Another name for a joint |
| Joint | An area of junction or union between two or more bones |
| Fibrous Joint | The bones in this type of joint are held together by fibrous connective tissue. |
| Synarthrosis | This type of joint is immovable |
| Cartilaginous Joint | The bones in this type of joint are connected by cartilage |
| Amphiarthrosis | This type of joint is slightly movable |
| Snyovial Joint | The bones in this type of joint have a potential space, which contains a small amout of thick colorless fluid |
| Joint Cavity | The potential space between two bones in a synovial joint |
| Synovial Fluid | The lubricant in a synovial joint that is a thick colorless fluid |
| Diarthrosis | This type of joint is freely movable |
| Ligaments | Bands of fibrous connective tissue |
| Joint Capsule | Connective tissue that encloses each joint and is continuous with the periosteum of the bones |
| Articular Cartilage | The bone surfaces in freely movable joints are protected by a smooth layer of Hyaline cartilage |
| Meniscus | Cartilage found in complex joints between bones that act as cushions |
| Bursae | Small sacs near joints that are filled with synovial fluid |
| Bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa, as a result of injury or irratation |
| Flexion | A bending motion that decreases the angle between bones, as in bending the fingers to close the hand |
| Extension | A straightening motion that increases the angle between bones as in straightening the fingers to open the hand |
| Abduction | Movement away from the midline of the body, as in moving the arm straight out to the side |
| Adduction | Movement toward the midline of the body, as in bringing the arm back to its original position beside the body |
| Circumduction | A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction enables one to execute this movement |
| Rotation | Refers to a twisting of turning of a bone on its own axis, as in turning the head from side to side to say "no" |
| Supination | The act of turning the palm up or forward |
| Pronation | Turns the palm down or backward |
| Inversion | The act of turning the sole inward so it faces the other foot |
| Eversion | Turns the sole outward, away from the body |
| Dorsiflexion | The foot is bent upward at the ankle, narrowing the angle between the leg and the top of the foot |
| Plantar Flexion | The toes point downward, as in toe dancing, flexing the arch of the foot |
| Dislocation | A derangement of the joint parts |
| Sprain | The wrenching of a joint with rupture or tearing of the ligaments |
| Herniated Disk | The central mass, or nucleus pulposus, protrudes through a weakened outer cartilaginous ring into the spinal cord |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of a joint |
| Osteoarthritis | Also known as degenerative joint disease, occurs mostly in joints used in weight bearing, such as the hips, knees, and spinal column |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | A crippling condition characterized by joint swelling in the hand and feet and elsewhere as a result of inflammation and overgrowth of the synovial membranes and other joint tissues |
| Septic (Infectious) Arthritis | Arises when bacteria spread to involve joint tissues, usually by way of the bloodstream |
| Gout | A kind of arthritis caused by a meatabolic disturbance. The joint becomes inflamed and extremly painful as a result of uric acid buildup and crystallization |
| Arthroscope | A type of endoscope used to visually examine the joints and can also be used in the repair of joints as well |
| Arthrocentesis | Draining of abnormal amounts of fluid in a joint cavity by this tapping procedure |
| Arthroplasty | Surgical repair of a joint |
| Gliding Joint | Bone surfaces slide over one another. Examples joints in wrist and ankle |
| Hinge Joint | Allows movement in one direction, changing the angle of the bones at the joint. Examples elbow joint, joints between the phalanges of fingers and toes |
| Pivot Joint | Allows rotation around the length of the bone Examples joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, joint at the proximal ends of the radius and ulna |
| Condyloid Joint | Allows movement in two directions Example joint between the metacarpal and the first phalanx of the finger |
| Saddle Joint | Like a condyloid Joint, but with deeper articulating surfaces. Example joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb |
| Ball-and-Socket Joint | Allows movement in many directions around a central point. gives the greatest freedom of movement. Example shoulder joint and hip joint |
| How many cranial bones are there? | Eight |
| How many facial bones are there? | Fourteen |
| How many hyoid bones are there? | One |
| How many ear bones are there? | Six |
| How many vertebral bones are there? | Twenty-six |
| How many bones are in the sternum? | One |
| How many rib bones are there? | twenty-four |
| How many clavicle bones are there? | Two |
| How many scapula bones are there? | Two |
| How many humerus bones are there? | two |
| How many ulna bones are there? | Two |
| How many radius bones are there? | Two |
| How many carpal bones are there? | sixteen |
| How many metacarpal bones are there | ten |
| How many Upper Phalanges are there? | Twenty-eight |
| How many os coxae bones are there? | Two |
| How many femur bones are there? | Two |
| How many patella bones are there? | Two |
| How many tibia bones are there? | Two |
| How many fibula bones are there? | Two |
| How many tarsal bones are there? | Fourteen |
| How many metatarsal bones are there? | Ten |
| How many Lower Phalanges are there? | Twenty-eight |
| What is the name of the first set of vertebrae? | Cervical Vertebrae |
| What is the name of the second set of vertebrae? | Thoracic Vertebrae |
| What is the name of the third set of vertebrae? | Lumbar Vertebrae |
| What is the name of the fourth set of vertebrae? | Sacral Vertebrae |
| What is the name of the last set of vertebrae? | Coccygeal Vertebrae |
| How many cervical vertebrae are there? | Seven |
| How many thoracic vertebrae are there? | Twelve |
| How many lumbar vertebrae are there | Five |
| How many sacral vertebrae in children are there? | Five |
| How many sacral vertebrae in adults are there? | One |
| How many coccygeal vertebrae are there in children? | Five |
| How many coccygeal vertebrae are there in adults | One |
| How many pairs of true ribs are there? | Seven |
| How many pairs of false ribs are there? | Five |
| What is the name of the last two pairs of ribs? | Floating ribs |
| What do the intercostal spaces contain? | muscles, blood vessels, and nerves |
| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | eighty |
| How may bones are in the appendicular skeleton? | one-hundred and twenty-six |
| What joins the frontal bone with the two parietal bones along the coronal plane? | coronal suture |
| What joins the temporal bone to the parietal bone on the cranium's lateral surface? | Squamous Suture |
| What joins the occipital bone with the parietal bones in the posterior cranium | lambdoid suture |
| What joins the two parietal bones along the superior midline of the cranium along the sagittal plane | Sagittal suture |
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