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test 2
organization of the neck
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the fascia of the neck is arranged into? | superficial(subcutaneous connective tissue) and deep fascia |
| what is the deep fascia of the neck arranged into? | investing deep cervical layer, prevertebral fascia, pretracheal fascia, and bilateral carotid sheaths |
| where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle run? | manubrium of sternum & medial 1/3 clavicle, to the mastoid process of temporal bone |
| what is the action of the unilateral contraction of the sternocleido? | pulls the mastoid process ant and inf rotating the face to the contralateral side |
| what is the action of the bilateral contraction of the sternocleido? | pulls the head forward and the chin upward |
| nerve innervation for the sternocleidomastoid? | accesory nerve of cranial nerve 11 and anterior ramus of C2 |
| what is congenital or spasmodic torticollis? | damage to the sternocleido muscle, or its nerve during birth or in adulthood |
| what are the borders of the posterior cervical triangle? | post border of the SCM, ant border of the trapezius and the middle 1/3 of the clavicle |
| what sub divides the posterior triangle? | the inf belly of the omohyoid muscle. |
| what are the subdivisions of the post cervical triangle? | occiptal triangle and the supraclavicular trianlge |
| muscles of the post cervical floor include? | splenius capitis, levator scapulae, post scalene, middle scalene, and ant scalene |
| what is the muscle of facial expression that comes down the neck? | platysma muscle |
| what nerve innervates the platysma? | facial nerve-CN 7 |
| which cervical triangles does the platysma cross? | as it comes down the neck it crosses the ant and post cervical triangles |
| what does the external jugular vein run through?what runs with the ext jugular vein? | just deep to the platysm it runs right over the top of the SCM and posterior triangle. cutaneous nerve brances from the cervical plexus |
| the external jugular vein is formed by the unioin of? | retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein. |
| after the jugular vein descends down the neck where does it connect too? | as it exits the neck it connects to the subclavian vein |
| does the external jugular vein directly connect to the brachiocephalic? | NO |
| a patient has obstruction of blood flow through the heart and you suspect that there might be a problem in the venous system. what probably happened? | the external jugular vein was cut as it pierces throught the investing layer of deep cervical fascia |
| what are the cutaneous nerves of the posterior cervical triangle? | C2-C3=greater auricular, transverse cervical, and lesser occiptal C#-C4=supraclavicular |
| where does the supraclavicular nerve refer pain too? | the ipsilateral shoulder through the phrenic nerve on that same side |
| which spinal accessory nerve runs through the posterior cervical triangle innervating two very important muscles? | cranial nerve 11, and the two muscles are the trapezius and the SCM |
| a patient is having trouble abducting the arm and shrugging the shoulders after a stab wound to the neck what structure is most likely damaged? | spinal accessory nerve (CN 11) that innervates the trapezius and the SCM |
| what are some other contents of the post cervical triangle? | subclavain vein, subclavian artery(3rd part), transerse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, trunk roots and branches of brachial plexus, and branches from cervical plexus |
| the subclavian vein is a continuation of the? | axillary vein |
| the sublavain connects to the ____ to form the ____? | internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic trunk |
| which muscle does the subclavian vein cross in the posterior cervical triangle? | anterior scalene |
| what is the clinical signifcance of the subclavain vein? | it is a good location to administer fluids and meds to because it goes straight to the right side of the heart |
| a hockey player is sliced by a skate blade in the supraclavicular cervical triangle. which structure could be compressed to control bleeding? | you could compress the subclavian artery against the 1st rib to control bleeding |
| transverse cervical artery and suprascapular artery branch from the? | third part of the subclavian artery |
| what does the transverse cervical artery divide into and what muscles do those divisions innervate? | divides into deep and superficial branches that innervate the levator scapulae and rhomboids |
| if the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery is not present than what substitutes for the missing artery? | dorsal scapular artery |
| what structure emerges between the ant and middle scalene muscels? | roots of the brachial plexus |
| what structures are liable to compression with a cervical rib condition? | subclavian artery or the inf trunk of the brachial plexus |
| where will the pain and neuro issues be felt if a cervical rib is present? | most likely in the arm and hand of the ipsilateral compression |
| ALL nerves of the posterior cervical triangle include? | phrenic nerve, suprascapular nerve, spinal accessory nerve(CN 11), and the cutaneous nerves(greater auricular, transverse cervical, lesser occiptal, and supraclavicular), nerve to subclavius muscle, long thoracic nerve, and dorsal scapular nerve |
| anerior cervical triangle is located where? | anterior to the anterior border of the SCM |
| what are the four palpable structures of the anterior cervical triangle? | hyoid bone, crycoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, and tracheal cartilage |
| what are the four subdivisions of the anterior cervical triangle? | submandibular-submental-muscular-carotid |
| structures in the anterior cervical triangle include? | platysma muscle and the anterior jugular veins |
| where does the anterior vein drain into | the external jugular vein |
| muscles of the anterior cervical triangle are all grouped under what name? | infrahyoid muscles |
| what are the two main subsets of muscles that comprise the infrahyoid muscles? | superficial layer of muscles and the deep layer of muscles |
| which muscles comprise the parallel superficial muscles of the infrahyoid muscles? | sternohyoid and the superior and inferior omohyoid(where a tendon sling causes it to make a sharp lateral 90 degree turn |
| which muscles comprise the parallel deep muscles of the infrahyoid muscles? | sternothyroid(inferiorly) and thyrohyoid(superiorly) |
| what is the main purpose of the infrahyoid muscles? | to stabilize the hyoid bone as a base of support for tongue movement |
| what is the nerve innervation for the infrahyoid muscles? | ansa cervicalis(a nerve loop) |
| what forms the nerve innervation for the infrahyoid muscles? | anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3 |
| what connects the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland together? | the isthmus |
| where can an extra lobe be located on the thyroid gland? | frequently it will rise superiorly from the isthmus and is called the pyramidal lobe |
| what is the main function of the thyroid gland? | produces hormones essential to growth regulation and maintenance of chemical homeostasis |
| blood supply to the thyroid gland is? | inferior thyroid arteries and superior thyroid arteries |
| venous drainage of the thyroid? | superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins |
| what is one type of hyperthyroidism causing the eyes to bulge out? | exophthalmic goiter-due to edema of the extraocular muscles |
| what structure in the anterior cervical triangle will prevent a goiter from expanding upward in the neck? | the sternohyoid muscles |
| what is the danger of a retrosternal goiter? | because the goiter expand downward in the neck it could compress thoracic structures such as the SVC |
| what structures lie in pairs on the posterior sides of the thyroid gland? | the parathyroid glands |
| about what size are the parathyroid glands? | the size of a lentil |
| blood supply to the parathyroid glands? | usually from the inferior thyroid arteries |
| what is the differnce in origin between the left and right common carotid arteries? | the right originates from the brachiocephalic trunk and the left comes directly out of the aorta |
| along with the common carotid arteries what else runs in the carotid sheaths? | internal jugular veins and vagus nerves |
| what happens to the common carotid arteries at the thyroid cartilage? | they bifurcate into external and internal carotid arteries. |
| what is so important at the site of bifurcation of the common carotids? | there are two types of specialized receptors at the bifurcation |
| what type of receptor is found in the carotid sinus? | blood pressure receptor |
| what type of receptor is found in the carotid body? | a chemoreceptor for blood gasses |
| what causes fainting? | external pressure to the carotid sinus |
| a cardiac patient and an atherosclerotic patient both need to have their carotid pulse taken. where wouldn't you take it and why? | at the carotid sinus, a.k.a. upper border of the thyroid cartilage, because the carotid sinus is hypersensitive to external pressure and carotid sinus syncope might occur |
| which common carotid has no branches and supplies the brain and the orbit? | internal carotid arteries. |
| where is a common site for atherosclerotic formation? | internal common carotids |
| what would be an example of a temporary and long term loss of neurological function due to loss of cerebral blood flow? | short term=TIA's long term=stroke CVA |
| what are the artery branches of the external carotid arteries?(FLOSS M) | facial-lingual-occipital-superior thyroid-superficial temporal-maxillary |
| which veins are the biggest in the head and neck? | internal jugular veins |
| which veins do the internal jugular veins connect to, forming the brachiocephalic? | subclavian veins |
| which nerve runs in the carotid sheaths? | the vagus nerve-the longest of the cranial nerves |
| the soft palate is innervated by which nerve? | vagus(CN 10) |
| which nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue? | CN 12-hypoglossal |
| while making out, a GF noticed the deviation of the BF's tongue. you suspect that there is damage to the nerve innervation of the tongue. you have him/her stick out the tongue and it deviates to the patient's right. happened? | there has been a lesion of the 12th CN(hypoglossal) on the right side causing paralysis |
| the submandibular cervical triangle is bound by what two important muscles? | digastric muscle(ant & post bellies) and the stylohyoid muscle |
| what does the digastric muscle do? | elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible(opens the mouth) |
| what does the stylohyoid muscle do? | draws the hyoid bone up and back |
| the floor of the oral cavity is due to what conctribution of the submandibular triangle? | the mylohyoid muscles from each side fuse at the center creating the floor of the oral cavity |
| which subdivision of the anterior cervical triangle has most of the salivary glands? | the submandibular triangle |
| what gives rise to the phrenic nerve, which innervates the diaphragm? | cervical plexus |
Created by:
chadlarson
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