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Chapter 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | to shorten with force |
| Excitability | to respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil |
| Epimysium | surrounds each skeletal muscle |
| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| Perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi or fascicle |
| Fibers | single muscle cells that fasciculi is made up of |
| Endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber |
| Myofibrils | this threadlike like structure fills the cytoplasm of each fiber |
| Actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments that resemble 2 minute strands of pearls |
| Myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments that resemble bundles of minute golf clubs |
| Sarcomeres | joined end to end to form the myofibril |
| Resting membrane potential | charge difference across the membrane |
| Action potential | brief reversal back of the charge |
| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| Neuromuscular junction | branch that connects to the muscle |
| Synapse | near the center of the cell |
| Motor unit | single motor neuron that innervates muscle fibers |
| Presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| Synaptic cleft | space between presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| Post synaptic terminal | the muscle fiber |
| Synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter |
| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that is secreted |
| Acetylcholinesterase | enzymatic breakdown |
| Sliding filament mechanism | sliding of actin myofilaments during contraction |
| Muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus |
| Threshold | when the muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| All-or-none response | the phenomenon |
| Lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Contraction phase | time of contraction |
| Relaxation phase | time during when the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | where the muscle stays contracted without relaxing |
| Recruitment | increase in the number of motor units being activated |
| Creatine phosphate | high- energy molecule |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| Oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid |
| Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced |
| Isometric | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount tension increases during the contraction process |
| Isotonic | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. |
| Muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by the muscles of the body |
| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly, well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. |
| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue, they are more suited for aerobic metabolism. |
| Origin | (head) the most stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| Belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| Synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonists | muscles that work against eachother |
| Prime mover | among a group of synergists, one muscle plays a major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| Occipitofrontalis | raise the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and cause "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks, also known as the trumpeter's muscle |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing, 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | changes the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prim mover |
| Platysma | sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck |
| Erector Spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect |
| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing, dome shaped muscle, aids in breathing |
| Abdominal wall muscles | the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula |
| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. "Swimmer muscles" |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm, occupies the posterior compartment of the arm |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm, occupies the anterior compartment of the arm |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks, contributes most of the mass of the buttocks |
| Gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | "tailors muscle"; flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh |
Created by:
bmay726
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