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Gunpowder Empires
AP Global
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gunpowder Empires. | States that used guns, canons, and muskets in order to defeat enemies and collect power. |
| What were the Muslim Gunpowder Empires? | The Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire. |
| What were the Non-Muslim Gunpowder Empires? | Russia, Ming China, Qing China, and Japan. |
| Founder of the Ottoman Empire. | Osman. |
| The Gunpowder Empires were all ________ based empires. | Land. |
| What was the historical significance of Anatolia? | 1. Alexander the Great conquered it as a part of the Persian Empire 2. Romans conquered it and named it Byzantium 3. Where Constantinople was located 4 Seljuk Turks conquered it 5. Mongols conquered it 6. Ottoman Turks conquer it |
| When was Constantinople sacked? | 1453. |
| How did the Ottomans change Constantinople? | Changed its name to Istanbul, made it Muslim, turned the Hagia Sophia into a mosque. |
| Suleiman the Magnificent. | Conquered a large portion of Europe for the Ottomans. |
| Why did Suleiman the Magnificent stop his movement at Vienna in 1529? | The bitter winter. |
| Why was Suleiman the Magnificent's stop at Vienna seen as a turning point in history? | If the Ottomans had continued, they probably would have sacked the Holy Roman Empire, preventing the Age of Exploration from occurring. |
| What was key to Ottoman success? | Their military. |
| Who were the Janissaries? | An elite military group composed of Christian boys that defended the sultan. |
| What was the devshirme? | The Ottoman's system that forced Christian families to give up a son and train him to become a Janissary by converting them to Islam and teaching them warfare. |
| How were the Janissaries so successful? | They were able to use heavy artillery because they weren't on horseback. |
| What was a vizier? | An adviser of the sultan that took care of day to day procedures. |
| Why didn't the Ottomans have a strong, centralized government? | Viziers gained too much power, Janissaries wanted more power, fights over who would become the next sultan. |
| Who added "The Magnificent" to Suleiman's name? | The Europeans, which shows they have a positive view towards him. |
| How did the Ottoman Empire become so wealthy? | Constantinople was involved in a lot of trade and they conquered it. |
| What were the consequences of the Ottoman Empire becoming so wealthy? | They over expanded. |
| What were the causes of the Ottoman Empire's downfall? | Over expansion, corruption, peasant revolts, greedy janissaries, increased taxes. |
| How did the New World negatively impact the Ottoman Empire's economy? | A lot of silver was found in the New World, which caused inflation. |
| Why did inflation affect the Ottoman Empire so greatly? | It was against religious laws to moderate the taxes. |
| What religions composed the Ottoman Empire? | Many Sunni Muslims, but expansion exposed them to Christianity and Judaism. |
| Why did a lot of cultural diffusion occur in Istanbul? | It was the center of many trade routes and served as cross roads where many people settled. |
| What was the goal of the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul? | To restore it to its former glory that it had before the Byzantine Empire's downfall. |
| How was Istanbul revamped? | Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque, built aqueducts, repaired city walls, built the Suleymainye Mosque and domes. |
| Who composed a large amount of the population in the Ottoman Empire? | Artisans and merchants. |
| How did the Ottoman Empire's economy differ from Europe? | The Ottoman Empire's government had a say in the economy and businesses. |
| How did the Ottomans view Europeans? | As inferior. |
| How did the Ottomans' bias prevent them from keeping up with the times? | Since they believed they were too good for Europe, they refused to utilize their discoveries, such as the printing press. |
| What caused Europe to gain power and the Middle East to lose it? | Spain gained control over the Mediterranean Sea after beating the Ottoman Empire, causing them to lose trade money. |
| How did the religions of the Ottoman and Safavid Empire differ? | The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while the Safavid were Shiites. |
| What caused the Shiites to become a minority? | Their leader, Ali, was assassinated. |
| Descendants of Muhammad that were believed by the Shiites to be true heirs to the throne. | Imams. |
| Who is the Hidden Imam? | The 12 descendant of Ali that disappeared and ended the Shiite reign, |
| Who was Ismail? | The general of the Shiite army that was formed in the 1500s, established the Safavid Empire. |
| How did the Safavid Empire get its name? | A Sufi mystic named Safi Al-Din. |
| What was the official religion of the Safavid Empire? | Twelver Shiism, which was inspired by the Hidden Imam. |
| What were the main reasons for conflict between the Ottoman and Safavid Empire? | Religious differences and expansion. |
| Who did the Safavid send to to fight the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran? | Their Calvary, the qizilbash, with swords and knives. |
| What types of weapons did the Ottomans use in the Battle of Chaldiran? | Cannons and muskets. |
| Who won the Battle of Chaldiran? | The Ottomans. |
| Why is the Battle of Chaldiran considered a marker event? | It stopped Shiite expansion and forced the Safavid to upgrade their weaponry. |
| How did Shah Abbas I improve the Safavid Empire? | Established a group of slave infantrymen from Russia to replace the qizilbash, communicated with Europe to learn of their new technology and weapons. |
| Why was the Safavid considered a land based empire? | They didn't have a navy, their capital was inland, and they didn't trade by sea. |
| What was the effect of the Safavid being a land based empire? | They did not receive much cultural diffusion. |
| Why was there a cultural split between the Safavid and Europeans? | The Safavid did not approve of European religions. |
| What empire was the Safavid political system based on? | Persia. |
| How did Ismail gain political power? | He claimed he was the Hidden Imam and a reincarnation of Allah. |
| How was Shah Abbas different from the other Muslim sultans? | He was open to cultural diffusion. |
| What was the problem with the Safavid's social system and culture? | They were trying to enforce Persian ideals on Turkish people. |
| What was Isfahan famous for exporting? | Rugs and carpets. |
| How was Isfahan similar to Istanbul? | They had trading guilds, inflation of silver negatively impacted economy, major trading capital. |
| How was Isfahan different than Istanbul? | Isfahan had much less visitors and travelers, Isfahan was not a city and was still reliant on agriculture, home to many nomadic groups. |
| How was the Safavid Empire culturally different than the Ottoman? | The Ottoman was inspired by Arabic culture, while the Safavid was inspired by Persian culture. |
| What example of Persian culture did the Safavid show? | They wrote in Persian, had Persian literature and history, had their rugs to decorate, architecture. |
| How did Sufi mysticism become the main religion of the Safavid Empire? | The Safavid discovered that their ruler was a descendant of Safi Al-Din, the founder of Sufi mysticism. |
| How did Shiism become the main religion of the Safavid Empire? | The shah banned Sufi mysticism. |
| How was the downfall of the Ottoman similar to the downfall of the Safavid? | They were both gradual. |
| Why did the Safavid collapse? | Attacks from Turkey and Afghanistan. |
| What did the Safavid collapse symbolize? | The rise of sea based powers and the fall of land based ones. |
| Who led the Mughal Empire? | Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan. |
| Who did the Mughal Empire conquer? | The Delhi Sultanate of India. |
| What were the social classes of the Delhi Sultanate like? | High class Muslims and lower class Hindus. |
| What was the population of the Mughal Empire like? | Mongols and Turks. |
| Why did Babur want to conquer the Delhi Sultanate? | He lost his homeland, wanted to live up to his ancestors' achievements. |
| How did Babur conquer the Delhi Sultanate? | Through his military skills, such as causing the Delhi's elephants to stampede. |
| Humayan. | Babur's son, reconquered northern India after conflict. |
| Akbar. | Babur's grandson, led the golden age of the Mughals and was tolerant of non-Muslims. |
| How did Babur view India? | As a terrible place to live. |
| How were the Mughals similar to the Ottoman and the Safavid? | Relied heavily on their military, spread Islam, fighting between princes caused political instability, autocratic sultan, gave land grants to aristocracy for military, were in decline by 1750, farm + trade, inflation of silver, patriarchies with wife po |
| How were the Mughals similar to the Safavid? | Neither of them had a navy, but the Ottomans did. Traded a lot, but the Ottomans had the most trade with Istanbul. Had inland capitals and not much sea based trade Ottoman + Mughal were Sunni Majority of Mughal pop was Hindu, not Muslim Art |
| How did Akbar enforce religious tolerance? | He let Hindu rajas have positions in government, intermarriage between Hindus and Muslims, ended the jizra tax, allowed Hindu temples to be built, protected sacred Hindu cows. |
| How did Akbar make a Golden Age possible? | Religious tolerance, reasonable taxes, balance of powers between regional and central leaders. |
| Who ended the religious tolerance of the Mughal Empire and why? | Aurangazeb, because he was a devout Muslim. |
| How did the Mughals gain profit? | Military generals were paid for soldiers, trade with Europe of cotton, indigo, and silk. |
| How did the women participate in the Gunpowder Empires? | The wives of rulers could help make decisions. |
| Hurrem. | Suleiman the Magnificent's wife, convinced Suleiman to execute his son so that her own son could have the throne. |
| What were some examples of lack of women's rights despite the work of rulers' wives? | Veiling, sati, forced marriages, purdah. |
| What religions did the Divine Faith combine? | Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Sikhism. |
| Who created the Divine Faith and why? | Akbar the Great because he wanted to settle disputes because Muslims and Hindus. |
| Was the Divine Faith successful? | No. |
| Who invented Sikhism and what was it? | Nanuk, a blend of Hindu and Muslim beliefs. |
| What were the basic beliefs of Sikhism? | Meditation, no caste system. |
| Why was there conflict between the sultan and the Sikhs? | Sultan Aurangzeb was against religious toleration and killed the 9th guru of Sikhism, which started rebellions and the growth of the Army of the Pure. |
| How were Jahangir and Shah Jahan different from Akbar? | They were less interested in building the military and expansion. |
| How were Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Akbar similar? | They all were patrons of the arts. |
| How did Mughal architecture blend Persian and Indian culture? | Domes, arches, minarets- Islam Detailed, rich decorations- Hindu Ceramic tiles- Persian Semiprecious stones- Indian |
| How is Fatehpur Sikri an example of Mughal architecture? | It was the capital city that had many libraries and had many well known beauties. |
| How did Akbar use Fatehpur to unite people of different cultures and religions? | He invited everyone to view his libraries. |
| What was India like in period three? | Period three- Was decentralized at first, then Delhi Sultanate was formed, conflict between Hindus and Muslims, Hinduism was the glue due to the unstable government |
| What was India like in period four? | Period four- Mughal Empire, which was stronger than the Delhi Sultanate, temporary religious tolerance, gradually became less powerful |
| Why did it take Russia so long to become powerful? | They relied on and were inspired by the Byzantine Empire, which fell in 1453. |
Created by:
emarciante10
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