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Ch 2-Body as a Whole
The Language of Medicine 11th Edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | The smallest living unit, the fundamental unit of all living things. |
| Cell Membrane | Surrounds and protects the cell, as well as regulates what passes into and out of the cell. |
| Nucleus | controls the operations of the cell, determines the structure and function of the cell |
| Chromosomes | rod like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells contain 23 pairs. |
| Genes | chromosomal regions |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Regulates the activities of the according to it's sequence on each chromosome. |
| Karyotype | a photograph of an individuals chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number. |
| amniocentesis | Puncture of the sac around the fetus for removal of fluid and cells. |
| Cytoplasm | (Cyto=cell, Plasm=formation) includes all of the material outside the nucleus and is enclosed by the cell membrane. |
| Mitochondria | small sausage shaped bodies that provide the principal source of energy for the cell. |
| Catabolism | The process where sugar and fat are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by mitochondria. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | network (reticulum) of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell, that manufacture proteins in the cell. |
| Ribosomes | attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, which build long chains of proteins. |
| Anabolism | the process of building large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids. (Occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum) |
| metabolism | Total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism. Meta- means change, bol- means to cast, and -ism means a process. |
| Muscle Cell | Long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing. |
| Epithelial Cell | (a lining and skin cell) Square and flat to provide protection. |
| Nerve Cell | may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses. |
| Fat Cell | contains large, empty spaces for fat storage. |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job. |
| Histologist | a scientist who specializes in the study of tissues. |
| Hist/o | Tissue |
| Epithelial | Tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surfaces of internal organs. |
| Connective Tissue | Fat, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood |
| Adipose | fat tissue |
| Cartilage | elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones |
| Nerve Tissue | Conducts impulses all over the body. |
| Viscera | Internal organs (Singular: Viscus) |
| Digestive System | mouth, pharynx, esophagus,stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| Urinary or Excretory System | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| ureters | tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| urethra | tube from bladder to outside of the body |
| Female Reproductive System | Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands |
| uterus | womb |
| Male Reproductive System | testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland |
| Endocrine System | Thyroid Gland, Pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands |
| Nervous System | Brain, Spinal Chord, nerves, collections of nerves |
| Circulatory System | Heart, Blood Vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland |
| Muscuskeletal System | Muscles, Bones, and Joints |
| Skin and Sense organs | Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands (oil glands); eye, ear, nose, tongue |
| Respiratory System | Nose, Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs |
| Larynx | Voice Box |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| trachea | windpipe |
| Ventral Cavities | Located in the front of the body |
| Dorsal Cavities | Located in the back of the body |
| Cranial Cavity | Brain, pituitary gland |
| Thoracic Cavity | Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta |
| Pleural Cavity | Space surrounding each lung. (part of the Thoracic cavity) |
| Pleura | double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. |
| Mediastinum Cavity | centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes. (part of the Thoracic Cavity) |
| Abdominal Cavity | Peritoneaum, stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. |
| Peritoneum | double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity- attaches the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place. |
| Kidneys | two bean shaped organs situated behind the abdominal cavity, in the retroperitoneal cavity. |
| Diaphragm | a muscular wall that divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities. |
| Pelvic Cavity | Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female. |
| Spinal Cavity | Nerves of the spinal chord. |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | the abdominal and pelvic cavities referred together as ______. |
| Ventral (Anterior) | Pertaining to the front |
| Dorsal (posterior) | Pertaining to the back |
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