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Apologia Human Body
Module 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osteoblast | A bone-forming cell |
| Osteocyte | A mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix |
| Osteoclast | A large, multinucleated cell that breaks down bone |
| Hematoma | A localized mass of blood that is confined to an organ or some definable space |
| Callus | A mass of tissue that connects the ends of a broken bone |
| Anatomical position | The position acquired when one stands erect with the feet facing forward, the upper limbs hanging at the sides, and the palms facing forward with the thumbs to the outside |
| A bone cell completely surrounded by bone matrix is this kind of bone cell: | osteocyte |
| A bone cell has more than one nucleus is this kind of bone cell: | osteoclast |
| These are the two principal agents in bone matrix: | collagen and hydroxyapatite |
| This gives bones some flexibility and tensile strength | collagen |
| This gives bones their hardness | hydroxyapatite |
| If bone tissue under a microscope shows no osteons, is it compact or cancellous bone tissue? | cancellous |
| Cancellous bone tissue is made of this | trabeculae |
| This is found in the spaces between trabeculae | red bone marrow |
| Osteons are made of layers of tissue that form cylinders, which are called this: | concentric lamellae |
| This is the term for the layers of tissue between osteons | interstitial lamellae |
| Extensions of osteocytes which allow the cells in bone tissue to communicate with one another | canaliculi |
| All new bone tissue is cancellous bone. Some new bone tissue must be compact bone, so cancellous bone tissue often needs to be remodeled into this: | compact bone tissue |
| Bones increase and decrease in mass based on the stress they experience, so bones are constantly remodeled so they can: | meet the changing demands that you place on them |
| Bone is constantly _____________________ in order to reshape the bone as needed | remodeled |
| Bone is remodeled to ________________ broken bones | repair |
| Bone is remodeled to __________________ worn collagen or hydroxyapatite | replace |
| Bone is remodeled to regulate _________________ levels in your body | calcium |
| Bone growth occurs when new cartilage is added to the bone's epiphyseal plate. Why doesn't the epiphyseal plate get thicker as the bone grows? | Cartilage is ossified at the same rate in which it is aded. |
| Bone growth occurs when new cartilage is added to the bone's epiphyseal plate. As a result, the _______________ gets bigger, but the epiphyseal plate does not. | diaphysis |
| What is the term for the kind of bone growth that can occur once the epiphyseal plate is ossified? | appositional bone growth |
| What is appositional bone growth? | Bone growth that makes the bone thicker, not longer. |
| The purpose of the ______________ __________________ is to help hold the broken pieces of bone together. | external callus |
| The purpose of the ______________ ________________ is to ossify to become the new bone tissue. | internal callus |
| Calcitonin is secreted by the _______________ gland | thyroid |
| PTH is secreted by the _________________ gland | parathyroid |
| ___________________ decreases osteoclast activity | calcitonin |
| ___________________ increases osteoclast activity | PTH |
| What gland secretes human growth hormone (HGH)? | anterior pituitary gland |
| This stimulates bone growth by increasing osteoblast activity | HGH |
| The sex hormones increase _______________ activity, which first stimulates bone growth. | osteoblast |
| Sex hormones stimulate _______________of the epiphyseal plates, which eventually halts bone growth (in length). | ossification |
| Which type of joint is associated with most of the movement of the skeleton? | synovial |
| The three major types of joints in the body are fibrous joints, _______________ joints, and synovial joints. | cartilaginous |
| ________________ _____________________ cushions the ends of the bones with a "hard plastic" finish, which makes the bones rub against each other more smoothly and with no bone damage. | articular cartilage |
| ______________ _________________ lubricates the joint, making motion in the joint much easier than it would otherwise be. | synovial fluid |
| The _________________ ___________________ produces synovial fluid. | synovial membrane |
| ______________________ are extensions from osteobytes that allow for communication with each other | canaliculi |
| What two types of joint in the body provide for little or no range of motion? | fibrous joints and cartilagionous joints |
| Which type of synovial joint offers the greatest range of motion? | ball and socket joint |
| Which type of synovial joint offers the smallest range of motion? | gliding joint/plane joint |
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