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Skeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Long Bones | Long longitudinal axes, and expanded end |
| Long Bone examples | Forearm, thigh bone, phalanges |
| Short Bone | Cube like, with lengths and widths roughly equal |
| Short Bone examples | Carpals and tarsals |
| Flat Bone | Plate like structure with broad surfaces |
| Flat Bone examples | Ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull |
| Irregular Bones | Variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones |
| Irregular Bone examples | Vertebra and some facial expressions |
| Parts of a Long Bone | Epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, compact Bone, medullary cavity, endosteum |
| Epiphysis | Outer joints of a long bone |
| Articulate cartilage | Outer portion of the epiphysis is coated with a layer of hyaline cartilage called ________ |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of the bone |
| Periosteum | Bone enclosed by tough vascular covering of fibrous tissue |
| Medullary cavity | Compact bone in diaphysis of a long bone forms a semi-rigid tube with a hollow chamber called _________ |
| Endosteum | Thin membrane containing bone-forming cells |
| Marrow | Specialized type of soft CT |
| Osteon | Osteocytes and layers of intercellular material concentrically clustered around a central canal forms _________ |
| Spongy bone | Made up by trabiculae |
| Osteoblasts | Make bone |
| Osteoclasts | Breaks down bone |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cell |
| The 1st few weeks of prenatal development | Parts of the skeletal system form during _______ |
| Intramembranous Bone examples | Flat bones (skull) |
| Endochondral Bone examples | Most all bones |
| Intramembranous Bones | During development, membrane like layers of CT appear at the area of future bones. Layers supplied with blood vessels and tissue arrange around vessels. Cells enlarge and change into osteoblasts. |
| Endochondral Bones | Develop as hyaline cartilage that is later replaced by bone tissue |
| Endochondral Bone Ossification | Primary ossification centers appear in the diaphysis, whereas secondary ossification appears in the epiphysis. Epiphysis plate remains between the primary and secondary ossification centers. Development proceeds with masses |
| Epiphyseal plate | ______ ______ consists of layers of cells: resting cells, young cells, older enlarging cells, and dying cells; are responsible for lengthening |
| Long Bones | ____ ____ continue to lengthen until epiphyseal plates are ossified |
| Medullary Cavity | Action of osteoclasts forms _____ _____ |
| Osteoclasts and osteoblasts | _____ and _____ continually remodel bone |
| Nearly Constant | Total mass of bone remains _____ _____ throughout life |
| Affects Bone Development | Sunlight, hormonal secretions, and exercise |
| Abnormal development | Deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and/or D result in _____ _____ |
| Exercise | _____ thickens and strengthens bone tissue |
| Thin tissue | Lack of activity can cause ______ _______ |
| Vitamin A Function | osteoblast and osteoclast Activity (Function of _____) |
| Vitamin C Function | Collagen synthesis (function of ______) |
| Vitamin D Function | Calcium (Ca++) absorption (Function of ______) |
| Vitamin A Source | Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach (source of _____) |
| Vitamin C Source | Citrus fruits and strawberries (Source of ______) |
| Vitamin D Source | Sunlight, eggs, dairy (source of _______) |
| Hypertrophy | Strengthening bones |
| Atrophy | Lack of exercise that weakens the bones |
| Functions of skeletal system | Shape, support, protection, blood cell formation, inorganic salt storage (function of _______) |
| Red marrow | Production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
| Yellow Marrow | Stores fat and is inactive in blood cell production |
| Hemopoiesis | Process of blood cell formation |
| Hemopoiesis process | Begins in York, which lies outside the embryo. Later in development, blood cells are manufactured in the liver, spleen, and in adulthood, forms in red marrow |
| Intercellular matrix | ______ _______ of bone tissue contains collagen and inorganic mineral salts |
| Calcium phosphate | Crystals that are formed are a type of _______ _______ |
| Calcium | Body requires ______ for a number of vital metabolic processes (blood clot formation, nerve impulse conduction, muscle cell contraction ) |
| Parathyroid glands; parathyroid; osteoclasts | If calcium levels are LOW, _____ _____ releases _______ hormone to stimulate _______ that break down bone matrix to release calcium into bloodstream |
| Thyroid gland; calcitonin; osteoblasts | Calcium levels are HIGH, _____ ______ releases ______ which stimulates ________ to deposit calcium into bones |
| Bone classifications (5) | Long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid |
| Sesamoid Bone example | Kneecaps |
| Lacuna | Bony chambers that osteocytes are located in |
| Pituitary Dwarfism | Deficiency in human growth hormone leads to _____ _____ |
| Estrogen | Hormone produced by females to prevent osteoporosis |
| Spongy bone | Largely composes epiphyses with thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces |
| Trabeculae | Branching bony plates |
| Osteon | Cylinder shaped unit formed by osteocytes in layers of intercellular material concentrically clustered around a central canal |
| Epiphyseal plate | Band of cartilage |
| Growth hormone | Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates division of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal discs |
| Pituitary gigantism | Condition that happens of excess group hormone is released before the epiphyseal disk ossify |
| Levers | Simple mechanical device consisting of a rod, fulcrum, weight, and a source of energy that is applied to some point of the rod |
| Hemoglobin | Red, Oxygen carrying pigment contained within red blood cells |
| Sutures | Irregular lines that flat bones of the skull tightly join along |
| Haversian Canal | Central canals |
| Volkmann's Canal | Transverse perforating canal's |
| Lacunae | Hollow cavity |
| Haversian system | Cylinder shaped unit (_____ system) |
| Canaliculu | Micro scopic canals that connect the lacunae of bone tissue |
| Greenstick fracture | Incomplete, in the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone |
| Fissured | Involves an incomplete longitudinal break |
| Comminuted | Complete and fragments the bone |
| Transverse | Complete, in the break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone |
| Oblique | Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone |
| Spiral | Caused by twisting a bone excessively |
| Cartilage | ______ is found on the outer portion of the epiphysis |
| Dense CT | _____ __Is found in the compact bone on the surface of a long bone |
| Canaliculi | _______ connects osteocytes |
| Lamella | Osteocytes form rings called _____ |
| Cancellous bone | Another name for spongy bone |
| Articulate cartilage | Cushions the ends of bones at their joints |
| Compact bone | Arranged in concentric layers |
Created by:
giannariche
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