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Skeletal System
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Long Bones | Long longitudinal axes, and expanded end |
Long Bone examples | Forearm, thigh bone, phalanges |
Short Bone | Cube like, with lengths and widths roughly equal |
Short Bone examples | Carpals and tarsals |
Flat Bone | Plate like structure with broad surfaces |
Flat Bone examples | Ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull |
Irregular Bones | Variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones |
Irregular Bone examples | Vertebra and some facial expressions |
Parts of a Long Bone | Epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, compact Bone, medullary cavity, endosteum |
Epiphysis | Outer joints of a long bone |
Articulate cartilage | Outer portion of the epiphysis is coated with a layer of hyaline cartilage called ________ |
Diaphysis | Shaft of the bone |
Periosteum | Bone enclosed by tough vascular covering of fibrous tissue |
Medullary cavity | Compact bone in diaphysis of a long bone forms a semi-rigid tube with a hollow chamber called _________ |
Endosteum | Thin membrane containing bone-forming cells |
Marrow | Specialized type of soft CT |
Osteon | Osteocytes and layers of intercellular material concentrically clustered around a central canal forms _________ |
Spongy bone | Made up by trabiculae |
Osteoblasts | Make bone |
Osteoclasts | Breaks down bone |
Osteocytes | Mature bone cell |
The 1st few weeks of prenatal development | Parts of the skeletal system form during _______ |
Intramembranous Bone examples | Flat bones (skull) |
Endochondral Bone examples | Most all bones |
Intramembranous Bones | During development, membrane like layers of CT appear at the area of future bones. Layers supplied with blood vessels and tissue arrange around vessels. Cells enlarge and change into osteoblasts. |
Endochondral Bones | Develop as hyaline cartilage that is later replaced by bone tissue |
Endochondral Bone Ossification | Primary ossification centers appear in the diaphysis, whereas secondary ossification appears in the epiphysis. Epiphysis plate remains between the primary and secondary ossification centers. Development proceeds with masses |
Epiphyseal plate | ______ ______ consists of layers of cells: resting cells, young cells, older enlarging cells, and dying cells; are responsible for lengthening |
Long Bones | ____ ____ continue to lengthen until epiphyseal plates are ossified |
Medullary Cavity | Action of osteoclasts forms _____ _____ |
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts | _____ and _____ continually remodel bone |
Nearly Constant | Total mass of bone remains _____ _____ throughout life |
Affects Bone Development | Sunlight, hormonal secretions, and exercise |
Abnormal development | Deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and/or D result in _____ _____ |
Exercise | _____ thickens and strengthens bone tissue |
Thin tissue | Lack of activity can cause ______ _______ |
Vitamin A Function | osteoblast and osteoclast Activity (Function of _____) |
Vitamin C Function | Collagen synthesis (function of ______) |
Vitamin D Function | Calcium (Ca++) absorption (Function of ______) |
Vitamin A Source | Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach (source of _____) |
Vitamin C Source | Citrus fruits and strawberries (Source of ______) |
Vitamin D Source | Sunlight, eggs, dairy (source of _______) |
Hypertrophy | Strengthening bones |
Atrophy | Lack of exercise that weakens the bones |
Functions of skeletal system | Shape, support, protection, blood cell formation, inorganic salt storage (function of _______) |
Red marrow | Production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
Yellow Marrow | Stores fat and is inactive in blood cell production |
Hemopoiesis | Process of blood cell formation |
Hemopoiesis process | Begins in York, which lies outside the embryo. Later in development, blood cells are manufactured in the liver, spleen, and in adulthood, forms in red marrow |
Intercellular matrix | ______ _______ of bone tissue contains collagen and inorganic mineral salts |
Calcium phosphate | Crystals that are formed are a type of _______ _______ |
Calcium | Body requires ______ for a number of vital metabolic processes (blood clot formation, nerve impulse conduction, muscle cell contraction ) |
Parathyroid glands; parathyroid; osteoclasts | If calcium levels are LOW, _____ _____ releases _______ hormone to stimulate _______ that break down bone matrix to release calcium into bloodstream |
Thyroid gland; calcitonin; osteoblasts | Calcium levels are HIGH, _____ ______ releases ______ which stimulates ________ to deposit calcium into bones |
Bone classifications (5) | Long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid |
Sesamoid Bone example | Kneecaps |
Lacuna | Bony chambers that osteocytes are located in |
Pituitary Dwarfism | Deficiency in human growth hormone leads to _____ _____ |
Estrogen | Hormone produced by females to prevent osteoporosis |
Spongy bone | Largely composes epiphyses with thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces |
Trabeculae | Branching bony plates |
Osteon | Cylinder shaped unit formed by osteocytes in layers of intercellular material concentrically clustered around a central canal |
Epiphyseal plate | Band of cartilage |
Growth hormone | Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates division of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal discs |
Pituitary gigantism | Condition that happens of excess group hormone is released before the epiphyseal disk ossify |
Levers | Simple mechanical device consisting of a rod, fulcrum, weight, and a source of energy that is applied to some point of the rod |
Hemoglobin | Red, Oxygen carrying pigment contained within red blood cells |
Sutures | Irregular lines that flat bones of the skull tightly join along |
Haversian Canal | Central canals |
Volkmann's Canal | Transverse perforating canal's |
Lacunae | Hollow cavity |
Haversian system | Cylinder shaped unit (_____ system) |
Canaliculu | Micro scopic canals that connect the lacunae of bone tissue |
Greenstick fracture | Incomplete, in the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone |
Fissured | Involves an incomplete longitudinal break |
Comminuted | Complete and fragments the bone |
Transverse | Complete, in the break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone |
Oblique | Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone |
Spiral | Caused by twisting a bone excessively |
Cartilage | ______ is found on the outer portion of the epiphysis |
Dense CT | _____ __Is found in the compact bone on the surface of a long bone |
Canaliculi | _______ connects osteocytes |
Lamella | Osteocytes form rings called _____ |
Cancellous bone | Another name for spongy bone |
Articulate cartilage | Cushions the ends of bones at their joints |
Compact bone | Arranged in concentric layers |