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Blood - Chapter 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Function of blood: 1. | Transport of oxygen, CO2, electrolytes, hormones, proteins, clotting factors |
| Function of blood: 2. | Regulation of fluid and blood sugar |
| Function of blood: 3. | Protection by WBC's, antibodies, clotting factors |
| What type of tissue is blood? | Connective tissue |
| Average adult - amount of blood | 4-6 liters |
| pH of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
| Plasma (mostly water) contains: | Albumin, clotting proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste |
| Serum = : | plasma - clotting proteins |
| 3 components of blood cells (formed elements) | Erythrocytes (RBC's), Leukocytes (WBC's), Thrombocytes (platelets) |
| Hematocrit (def.) | The % of blood cells in a sample of blood (usually 45%). Too low = anemia |
| What occurs during hematopoiesis? | Production (formation) of of blood cells in red bone marrow and lymphoid tissue. (three types are formed from stem cells) |
| Myelosuppression (def.) | Decreased production of blood cells. |
| Decreased production of RBC's | Anemia |
| Decreased production of WBC's | Leukopenia |
| Decreased production of thrombocytes | Thrombocytopenia |
| Polycythemia (def.) | Increased production of blood cells (can cause strokes) |
| Red bone marrow is produced in which type of bones? | Flat bones |
| What happens to red bone marrow as we age? | In the long bones, red bone marrow replaced w/ yellow marrow which doesn't produce blood |
| Platelets (fragments of cells) start from: | Stem cells |
| Characteristics of RBC's | Flexible, biconcave disks, lack nucleus |
| RBC's make up ___/microliter of blood. | 4.5-6 Million |
| Reticulocytes - definition | Immature RBC's |
| Main component of RBC's which contains iron | Hemoglobin |
| Heme- def. | Transportation of oxygen |
| Cyanosis - def. | Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) |
| Globin - def. | Transportation of carbon dioxide |
| Carbaminohemoglobins -def. | Combinations of CO2 and hemoglobins |
| What nutrients does hemoglobin require? | Iron, vitamin b12, folic acid, protein |
| Give an example of a nutrient deficiency disorder. 1. | Iron Deficiency Anemia |
| Give an example of a nutrient deficiency disorder. 2. | Folic Acid Anemia |
| Pernicious Anemia - def. | Due to inadequate vitamin B12 absorption |
| Why can't RBC's repair themselves? | They lack genetic material necessary to do so |
| What is the average life of an RBC? | 120 days |
| Where does the body dispose of C02? | In, then out of the lungs |
| What hormone is involved with the regulation of RBC production? | Erythropoietin (EPO) |
| What stimulates the secretion of EPO? | Decreased blood oxygen level |
| From where is EPO secreted? | Kidneys |
| How does EPO affect RBC production? | Increases production |
| Condition in which someone would have EPO administered: 1. | Emphysema |
| Condition in which someone would have EPO administered: 2. | Bone Marrow Depression |
| Condition in which someone would have EPO administered: 3. | Kidney Failure |
| How and where are RBC's destroyed? | Destroyed my macrophages in the spleen |
| After RBC breakdown and recycling of components, what is done with globin? | Broken down to amino acids |
| After RBC breakdown and recycling of components, what is done with heme? | Iron stored in liver. Bilirubin execreted. |
| What is jaundice? | Yellowing of skin due to excess bilirubin in the blood |
| Leukocytes contain ___ / microliter of blood. | 5,000-10,000 |
| Are WBC's nucleated? | Yes |
| Primary functions of WBC's | Defense and phagocytosis |
| Name the five types of WBC's | Neutophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes |
| Neutrophils: Granulocyte or Agranulocyte? | Granulocyte |
| What color is the stain of neutrophils? | Clear |
| What are other names of neutrophils? | Segs, Polys, PMN's |
| Neutrophils make up what % of WBC's? | 55-70% |
| Phagocytosis during an infection/injury involves: | Pus and (absess - walling off of pus) |
| What happens to neutrophil production during infection? | Increased production of immature neutrophils |
| Basophils: Granulocytes or Agranulocytes? | Granulocytes |
| What is the stain color of Basophils | Dark blue |
| Basophils make up ___% of WBC's | Less than 1% |
| Body's natural blood thinner made from Basophils | Heparin (inflammation) |
| Basodilator that stops bleeding in open blood vessels | Histamine |
| Eosinophils: Granulocytes or Agranulocytes? | Granulocytes |
| Stain color of Eosinophils | Red-pink |
| Eosinophils make up ____% of WBC's | 1-3% |
| What are two conditions that cause inflammation of eosinophils? | Parasitic infections and allergies |
| What is the difference of granulocytes and agranulocytes? | Gran. have granules in the cytoplasm, Agrans. do not. |
| Lymphocytes: Granulocyte or agranulocyte? | Agranulocyte |
| Lymphocytes make up ___% of WBC's | 25-38% |
| Function of lymphocytes | Immune response |
| Monocytes: Granulocytes or Agranulocytes? | Agranulocytes |
| Monocytes make up ___% of WBC's | 3-8% |
| Monocytes contain ______ which are involved in clean up/ eating of large waste particles | Phagocytes |
| Monocytes differentiate into: | Macrophages |
| Platelets are also called: | Thrombocytes |
| Platelets are fragments of: | Megakaryocytes |
| Platelets contain ______/microliter of blood | 150,000-450,000 |
| An important function of platelets | Blood clotting |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) of RBC's include: | Hemoglobin, hemocrit, reticulocytes |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) of WBC's include: | Percentage of each type (differential count) |
| Hemostasis prevents: | Blood loss - through contraction of the blood vessels |
| Name the three parts of Hemostasis | Vasospasm, platelet plug formation, blood clot |
| Explain vasospasm | Decreased diameter of vessel, and therefore, decreased blood flow |
| Explain platelet plug | Platelets stick to the walls of damaged blood vessels to decrease bleeding which then activates clotting factors |
| Another name for a blood clot | Coagulation |
| During a blood clot, activated clotting factors produce: | Prothrombin activator (PTA) |
| During a blood clot why is prothrombin activated? | Form thrombin in the presence of calcium and PTA |
| During a blood clot, thrombin activates: | Fibrinogen, which forms a fibrin net |
| Anticoagulants have a: | Smooth endothelial lining |
| What anticoagulant substance is released by basophils? | Heparin |
| Medications for blood clots | Heparin and coumadin |
| What kind of cell also releases heparin | Mast cell |
| When does clot retraction and fibrinolysis occur? | After a blood clot |
| Clot retraction and fibrinolysis process | Plasminogin (activated by TPA: Tissue Plasminogen Activator) - plasmin - clot dissolved. |
| What determines blood type? | Antigens on membrane of RBC's |
| Where are antibodies present? | Blood plasma |
| Antigen-Antibody interaction could result in: | Agglutination (clumping) and eventually hemolysis (bursting of RBC's) |
| What can result from incompatible blood groups? | Kidney failure and death |
| What must be done before a blood tranfusion? | Blood must be types and cross-matched (donor and recipient blood mixed) |
| Rh factor (antigen) is located: | Membrane of the RBC |
| Situation in which Rh sensitization can occur: 1. | Rh(-) individual receiving Rh(+) blood in transfusion |
| Situation in which Rh sensitization can occur: 2. | Rh(-) mother pregnant with Rh(+) baby |
| What can result in Rh sensitivity? | Erythroblastosis Fetalis, Hemolysis, Kernictus. Treatment: RhoGAM - which coats antibodies which will protect the baby's RBC - widespread |
Created by:
CBaney
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