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Endocrinology Ch. 14
Endocrine System - glands, hormones, functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is the endocrine system different from the nervous system? | Effects are slower acting and longer lived. |
| Characteristics of endocrine glands | 1. Ductless gland.2. Secretes hormones into blood stream. |
| Chemicals of the endocrine system | Hormones |
| "Hormones" definition | Chemical messengers that influence the activities of other tissues and/or organs |
| General functions of hormones | Metabolism, growth, reproduction, water/electrolyte balance |
| Most common classification of hormone | Protein hormone |
| Classification of hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and gonads | Steroid hormones |
| Hormones exert effect on: | Target organs or tissues |
| How do hormones bind to target tissues? | Receptors on the tissue that bind the hormone like a "lock and key" (specificity) |
| Membrane receptors bind to which type of hormone? | Protein hormone |
| Membrane receptors rely on the production of: | Second messenger (cAMP) |
| Intracellular receptors bind to which type of hormone? | Steroid hormone |
| An example of negative feedback | Blood sugar regulation |
| Two examples of biorhythms | Circadian rhythm (1 day)Menstrual cycle (1 month) |
| Example of stress-related changes in hormone secretion | Menstrual cycle |
| Location of pituitary gland | Above sphenoid bone |
| From where does the pituitary gland extend? | From the hypothalamus via a stalk termed the infundibulum. |
| Name the three parts of the pituitary gland | Anterior, posterior, and the smaller third (intermediate) lobe |
| What is another name for the pituitary gland? | Master Gland |
| Name the type of tissue of which the pituitary gland is composed | Glandular tissue |
| How many different hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland? | Nine |
| The pituitary gland is under the control of which gland? | Hypothalamus |
| The process/route from hypothalamus to pituitary | Hypo. secretes releasing/release inhibiting hormones that reach the ant. pit. |
| Name the route from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary | Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system |
| Ant. Pit. Growth Hormone (GH) - alternative name | Somatatropin /-ic hormone |
| GH primarily effects (2): | 1. Skeletal muscle2. Long bones |
| Secondary effects of GH | Growth and metabolism |
| 1. Hormone that increases blood sugar | GH |
| Hypersecretion of GH during childhood | Gigantism |
| Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood | Acromegaly |
| Hyposecretion of GH | Dwarfism |
| Ant. Pit. Prolactin (PRL) - function | Milk production (in mother) after childbirth |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka Thyrotropin works by: | Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete two thyroid hormones |
| Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Hormone works by: | Stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete steroid hormone |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) works by: | Egg/sperm maturation |
| Lutenizing Hormone (LH) deals with: | Sex hormone secretion, ovulation in females [interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males] |
| Posterior Pituitary is an extension of what gland? | Hypothalamus |
| The Post. Pit. is composed of what type of tissue? | Nerve tissue |
| What two hormones are secreted by the Post. Pit.? | ADH and Oxytocin |
| Literal meaning of "antidiuretic": | Going against urine production/holding onto our H2O supply |
| What stimulates the secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone? | 1. Increased blood concentration2. Stress3. Trauma4. Drugs (morphine, nicotine) |
| Primary target organ of ADH | Kidney |
| How does ADH conserve water? | Reabsorbs water from urine, decreasing urine volume |
| How does ADH affect blood pressure? | Raises BP |
| What disorder is a result of a lack of ADH? | Diabetes Insipidus |
| Two hormones of Post. Pit. ADH and: | Oxytocin |
| Oxytocin secretion stimulated by: | Childbirth (uterine contraction) and during breastfeeding (mammary duct contraction - "milk let-down reflex) |
| Targeted organs of Oxytocin | Uterus and mammary glands |
| Another name for Oxytocin | "Bonding" hormone between mother & child, between sexual partners (in theory) |
| Hormone secreted by the third lobe of Pituitary | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| Increased secretion of MSH causes: | Skin to darken |
| Location of Thyroid Gland | Anterior neck |
| The 2 lobes (right and left) of the thyroid are connected by: | Isthmus - band of tissue |
| Name the two types of Thyroid cells | Follicular/Parafollicular cells |
| The hormone(s) of follicular cells | T3 and T4 |
| Another name for T3: | Triiodothyronine |
| Another name for T4: | Tetraiodothyronine |
| Function of T3 and T4 | 1. Regulate metabolism2. Essential for normal development |
| Hypothyroidism in adults (name and effects) | Myxodema (decreased metabolism, h.r., peristalsis - digestive system movement, temp, thickened skin) |
| Hypothyroidism in infants (name and effects) | cretinism (failure to develop physically and mentally) |
| Hyperthyroidism - ex. w/ name and effects | Graves disease (increased metabolism, h.r., peristalsis, temp, exopthalmia - bulgy eyes) |
| What element is required to produce T3, T4? | Iodine |
| What condition results from an iodine deficiency? | Goiter - growth on the thyroid |
| Secretion of thyroid is regulated by: | Hypothalamus |
| Regulation of thyroid step 1 | Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormone |
| Regulation of thyroid step 2 | Releasing hormone stimulates pituitary to secrete TSH |
| Regulation of thyroid step 3 | TSH stimulates thyroid to produce T3, T4 |
| Regulation of thyroid step 4 | Levels maintained via negative feedback |
| Calcitonin is secreted by: | Parafollicular cells of the thyroid |
| What does calcitonin regulate? | Blood calcium levels (along w/ parathyroid hormone) - decreases |
| Parathyroid is located on ___ of thyroid. | Posterior |
| Hormone of parathyroid | PTH - Parathyroid Hormone |
| What organs does PTH target? | Bone, digestive tract, kidneys |
| PTH increases blood calcium by: 1. | Stimulating osteoclast activity in bone |
| PTH increases blood calcium by: 2. | Stimulating kidneys to reabsorb calcium from urine (and excrete phosphate) |
| PTH increases blood calcium by: 3. | Increases absorption of of calcium by digestive tract |
| Hypocalcemia defintion | Low blood calcium |
| Hypercalcemia definition | High blood calcium |
| Result of low calcium | Muscle hyperexcitability w/ intense contractions and spasms |
| Alternative name of adrenal glands | Suprarenal glands |
| Location of adrenal glands | Above kidneys |
| Region of adrenal glands 1. | Inner adrenal medulla |
| Region of adrenal glands 2. | Outer adrenal cortex |
| Adrenal medulla is part of which branch of the nervous system | Sympathetic NS |
| What three hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? | 1. catacholamine2. epinephrine3. norepinephrine"Fight or Flight" |
| The adrenal cortex secretes: | Steroid hormones (only other site of steroid hormone secretion) |
| Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex: 1. | Glucocorticoids |
| Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex: 2. | Mineralcorticoids |
| Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex: 3. | Sex hormones |
| Glutocorticoids maintain: | Blood glucose levels |
| Definition - cortisol | Glutocorticoid steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex during times of stress |
| Process of cortisol | Hypothalmus - Ant. Pit. (ACTH) - adrenal cortex - negative feedback |
| Aldosterone - definition | Mineralcorticoid that reabsorbs sodium and wter |
| What do mineralcorticoids regulate? | Blood volume and BP |
| Name the two sex hormones | Estrogens (females) androgens (males) |
| Pheochromocytoma - definition | Tumor on the Adrenal Medulla resulting in more nor/epinephrine |
| Example of hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex | Addison's Disease - muscle atrophy, bronzing of skin, fluid loss |
| Example of hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex | Cushing's Syndrome - "moon face" "buffalo hump" |
| Location of pancreas | Located transversely across upper abdomen |
| T/F...The pancreas is both an endocrine gland and exocrine gland. | True |
| Where on the pancreas are the two hormones secreted? | Islets of Langerhans |
| Hormone of pancreas: 1. | Insulin (beta cells) |
| Hormone of pancreas: 2. | Glucagon (alpha cells) |
| Main function of insulin | Lowering of blood glucose levels (ONLY hormone to do so) |
| How does insulin lower blood sugar? | Takes glucose out of the blood and sends to cells, telling the cells to use it for energy. If there's already enough, it gets stored for later use. |
| Poly of Diabetes: 1. | Polydipsia - very thirsty |
| Poly of Diabetes: 2. | Polyuria - a lot of urination |
| Poly of Diabetes: 3. | Polyphagia - very hungry/ alot of eating |
| What is the function of glucagon? | Increase blood glucose |
| What is the name of the process in which glucogon increases blood sugar? | Gluconeogenesis |
| What is the function of gluconeogenesis? | Stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver AND protein to glucose |
| Hormones of the ovaries | Estrogens and progesterones |
| Hormone of the thymus gland | Thymosins - immune response |
| Hormone of the pineal gland | Melatonin - sleep and wake cycle |
| Hormones secreted by the digestive tract | Cholecystokinin and gastrin |
| Erythropoietin (RBC production) secreted by: | Kidneys |
| Hormone involved in the inflammatory process | Prostaglandins |
Created by:
CBaney
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