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EnlightenmentThinker
Quiz on Important Enlightenment Thinkers for Honors History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the Enlightenment | An intellectual and Scientific movement of 17th and 18th century Europe which was characterized by a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues. |
| Enlightenment thinkers applied reason when considering... | Government Structures and the government/citizen relationship. |
| Enlightenment thinkers believed that citizens should have a greater... | Voice/role in the government. |
| No More | Absolute Monarchs |
| What did Enlightenment thinkers push for? | Written constitutions and Natural Rights for the people. |
| What did Enlightenment thinkers teach the people to do? | Ask "Why?" and look beyond the Bible, Ancient Greek and Roman scholars, and the absolute monarchs of the day to find "truth" in society. |
| John Locke's Time Frame/Country | 17th Century England |
| John Locke's Literary works | An Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Two Treatises of Government |
| What does Tabula Rasa mean and what is the idea behind it? | Tabula Rasa means Blank Mind, and it means that everyone is born with a blank mind and fill their minds with information gathered from experiences. |
| What did John Locke believe was here before societies formed. | He believed humans lived in a natural state of equality and freedom, rather than a state of war and chaos. Society as a whole decided to form a government in order to insure protection of their natural rights |
| John Locke's natural rights | Life, Liberty, and Property |
| John Locke's mutual agreement between the people and their government | The government must protect the rights of the people. In turn, the people will act reasonably toward the government. |
| What does John Locke believe must happen if the government breaks their part of the mutual agreement? | If this happens, the people are permitted to form a new government. |
| Who does John Locke consider people? | White, Landholding, Aristocratic men only. |
| Montesquieu's full name | Charles- Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu |
| Montesquieu's Time Frame/Country | 18th century France (Nobility) |
| Montesquieu's major literary work | The Spirit of the Laws |
| What did Montesquieu use the Scientific Method for? | To find natural laws which govern the social and political relationships of human beings. |
| Montesquieu's 3 types of governments. | Republic for smaller states, Despotism for large states, and Monarchies for moderate size states. |
| What did Montesquieu believe about the English government? | He believed it had 3 branches: Executive (Monarch) legislative (Parliament), and judicial (courts) |
| The English government functioned under what? | A separation of powers (Each branch limits and controls each other through checks and balances. |
| Montesquieu believed the English government provided the greatest what. | Freedom and security for the state |
| Voltaire's Time Frame/Country | 18th Century France (wealthy middle class) |
| Voltaire's major literary work | Treatise on Toleration |
| Voltaire wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and histories to do what? | Criticize Christianity and encourage religious toleration |
| What did Voltaire's treatise remind government of? | It reminded governments that "All men are brothers under God" |
| Voltaire championed deism. What is Deism? | Religion's philosophy based on reasons and natural laws |
| Voltaire's real name | Francois-Marie Arouet |
| Denis Diderot Time Frame/Country | 18th Century France (lower middle class) |
| Major work (Denis) | Encyclopedia/Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades |
| Denis was dedicated to new ideas. What did he edit? | The 28 Volume collection of Knowledge |
| What did many of the articles do? | Attack religious superstition and supported tolerance |
| What did Diderot advocate for? | Social, Legal, and Political improvements that would lead to a more tolerant and humane society. |
| What did Diderot want to change? | The general way of thinking |
| Adam Smith's Time Frame and Country | 18th Century England (Scottish) |
| Major work (Adam Smith) | The Wealth of Nations |
| Adam Smith's Beliefs | Believed the state should not interfere with economic matters |
| Government's 3 roles according to Smith | 1. Protecting society from invasion (army). 2. Defending citizens from injustices (police) 3. Building and maintaining certain public works that private individuals could not afford (infrastructure like roads and canals) |
| Cesare Beccaria Time Frame and Country | 18th Century Italy |
| Cesare Major Work | On Crimes and Punishments |
| What were Cesare's views on Punishments | Punishments should not be exercises in brutality. |
| What did Cesare think about capital punishment. | Should only be used in extreme cases |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau Time Frame and Country | 18th Century France (lower middle class) |
| Rousseau Major work | The Social Contract |
| Rousseau's views | Entire society agrees to be governed by its general will. Those who want to act on their own self interest must be forced to abide by the general will. |
| How does Rousseau believe Liberty is achieved? | Liberty is achieved by everyone following what is best for the general will, because the general will represents what is best for the entire community |
| What did Jean think about educating children? | Education should foster, not restrict, children's natural instincts |
| What did Rousseau think about Women? | Women are naturally different. They should be taught obedience and nurturing skills essential to becoming a good wife and mother |
| Mary Wollstonecraft's Time Frame and Country | 18th Century England |
| Mary's Major work | A Vindication of the Rights of Woman |
| Mary's beleifs | Thinkers who wanted more freedom were oppressing women. Women have reason, so they are entitled to the same rights as men. |
| Thomas Hobbes's description of the life of man | Solitary, Poor, Nasty, Brutish, and Short |
| Thomas Hobbes's laws of nature | Justice, Equity, Modesty, and Mercy/Treat others as we would want them to treat us. |
| What do you call it when the multitude is so united in one person? | A Commonwealth |
| What is the leader of a Commonwealth and his people called | Leader is Sovereign and his people are his subject |
Created by:
Bsharah Hejazin
Popular European History sets