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Ch.6
Industrial Revolution/ Gilded Age
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gilded | Covered thinly with gold leaf or gold paint. |
| The Gilded Age | Mark Twain's description of cities during the Industrial Age, characterized as a time of wealth but also of greed and corruption. |
| John D. Rockefeller | Owner of Standard Oil Company; controlled most of petroleum production in the U.S. through horizontal integration. |
| Thomas Edison | Invented the first useable light bulb, phonograph, motion picture camera and an electrical power distribution center. Created the first research and development lab at Menlo Park, New Jersey. |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Inventor of the telephone (1871); started the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (ATT) with a group of partners. |
| Social Darwinism | Idea from Herbert Spencer that introduced the notion of "Survival of the Fittest". Adapted Darwin's ideas from the "Origin of Species" to humans- society as a whole benefits from removing the unfit. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Connected the east coast to the west coast; expanded markets and improved communications; led to a "spiral of growth" |
| Patent | Federal government gives an inventor exclusive rights to develop, use, sell an invention. |
| Bessemer Process | The process for making steel faster and more cheaply by forcing hot air through molten iron. Developed by Henry Bessemer. Led to building skyscrapers and bridges. |
| Mass Production | The production of a large number of products quickly and inexpensively. |
| Samuel Morse | Perfected the telegraph; devised a code, The Morse Code, to transmit messages using short and long clicks. |
| Monopoly | Complete control of a product or service in order to eliminate competition and set prices. |
| Cartel | A loose association of businesses that make the same product, that agree to limit the supply of the product to keep the prices high. |
| Vertical Integration (Consolidation) | Used by Carnegie; controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end. |
| Horizontal Integration (Consolidation) | Used by Rockefeller; owning most or all businesses in an industry. |
| Trust | Used by Robber Barons to avoid government regulations; companies assign stock to a board of trustees. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | Law that made it illegal to hinder or harm free trade (first law that would regulate industry); made trusts illegal. |
| Robber Barons | Capitalists and tycoons known for being greedy and powerful who swindled the poor. |
| Captains of Industry | Capitalists and tycoons who served the nation and provided jobs. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Steel tycoon; wrote "Gospel of Wealth"; built libraries. |
| Sweatshop | Dangerous, filthy, hot workplace where workers spent long hours for low pay. |
| Socialism | Economic and political philosophy that favors public ownership of property and income; wealth should be distributed equally throughout society (tax wealthy give to poor) |
| Collective Bargaining | Workers negotiate with owners as a group for better wages and working conditions. |
| Haymarket Riot | Knights of Labor strike that ended in violence; caused Knights of Labor to fizzle out, because people turned away from radicalism. |
| Knights of Labor | Labor organization that included all workers of any trade founded by Terrence V. Powderly. |
| American Federation of Labor | Labor organization that only allowed local skilled workers; led by Samuel Gompers |
| Compromise of 1877 | A deal struck with southern democrats to make Rutherford B. Hayes President and to end Reconstruction in the south. |
| Productivity | The effectiveness of product effort, measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input. |
| Edwin L. Drake | Started an oil boom in Titusville, PA, that spread to Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Texas when he successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil. |
| Oligopoly | A market structure which is dominated by only a few large, profitable firms. |
| Economies of Scale | A proportionate savings in costs gained by an increased level of production. |
| Gospel of Wealth | Andrew Carnegie's belief that the wealthy should use their money to benefit society. |
| Piecework | Work paid for according to the amount produced. |
| Division of Labor | The assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency. |
| Open Shops | A place of work where employees are not required to join a labor union. |
| Craft Union | Union which included skilled workers from one or more trades. |
| Industrial Unions | Union that includes all laborers- skilled and unskilled- in a specific industry. |
| Scab | Strike breaker |
| Anarchist | Someone who believes no government rules or laws to control people; absolute freedom for the individual. |
| Homestead Strike | Strike of steel workers at Carnegie's Homestead plant after a plan to cut wages. |
| Pullman Strike | A strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company that also led to an ARU railroad strike. |
| Wobbies | Members of the Industrial Workers of the World; miners, lumberers, cannery and dock workers. |
| Samuel Gompers | President of the AFL |
| George Westinghouse | Came up with alternate current, which generated electricity more cheaply and could travel longer distances; airbrakes |
| Mary Harris Jones | One of the most prominent women in the Labor Movement; supported "Great Strike of 1877"; later organized the United Mine Workers of America; led march of children to Pres. T. Roosevelt's house- led to child labor laws. |
| Granville Woods | African-American inventor; incubator and telegraph communication with moving trains. |
| Industrial Revolution | Historic period during which manual labor was replaced by machines. |
| Capitalism | Economic system in which individuals, rather than government, own the factors of production and profits go to the owners. |
| Assembly Line | Perfected by Henry Ford to build automobiles, this process allows unskilled workers to complete one step of the manufacturing process. |
| Capital | Money; funds invested to make a profit. |
| Strike | Workers refuse to work until demands are met. |
| Eugene V. Debs | Leader of American Railway Union; went to prison; Supreme Court upheld his conviction, favoring business and making unions illegal (in re debs) |
| Northern and Western European Protestants | Majority of immigrants who came to U.S. before 1870 (settled on family farms) |
| Southern and Eastern Europeans (Catholic and Jewish) | Majority of immigrants who came to U.S. during late 19th century; poor, unskilled (settled in cities) |
| Skyscrapers | Buildings greater than 10 stories; made possible because of Bessemer Process, elevators and central air systems. |
| Interchangeable Parts | Identical components (pieces) that could be used in place of one another; led to assembly line and mass production. |
| Karl Benz | Received patent for the first automobile. |
| Henry Ford | Inventor who used the assembly line to mass produce automobiles. |
| Wright Brothers | These men were responsible for first sustainable flight. |
| Causes of Rapid Industrialization | 1. Steam revolution; 2. railroad; 3. technological innovations; 4. unskilled and skilled labor in abundance; 5. abundant capital; 6. entrepreneurs; 7. market growing with US population increase; 8. government willing to help; 9. abundant natural resources |
| Ways Railroad Revolutionized Business | 1. Faster, more practical mode of transporting goods; 2. Lower cost of production; 3. creation of national markets; 4. model for big business; 5. stimulation of other industries. |
| Textiles | Cloth or woven fabric |
| Karl Marx | wrote "The Communist Manifesto" |
| Labor Union | An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. |
| National Trade Workers Union | First national labor union. |
| The Pinkertons | A private security guard and detective agency, established by Alan Pinkerton in 1850. |
| Open Door Policy | U.S. desire to have equal trading rights for all foreign powers in China. |
| Pendleton Act | Law that set up a civil service commission to oversee the hiring of people for government jobs; only those who scored highest on an exam were given certain jobs, not political supporters. |
| Protective Tariff | High tariff designed to protect American businesses from foreign competition. |
| Revenue Tariff | Lower tariff that provided revenue to the federal government, not protection for business. |
| Munn V. Illinois | Illinois passed a law that regulated prices railroads could charge to store grain being shipped. Supreme Court upheld the law by ruling that states could regulate a private business (located within a state) in the public interest. |
| Tools of Management | scabs, P.R. campaign, Pinkertons, lockout, blacklisting, yellow-dog contracts, court injunctions, open shop |
| Tools of Labor | boycotts, sympathy demonstrations, informational picketing, closed shops, organized strikes, "wildcat" strikes |
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