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Lecture 13
Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is learning? | The name given to the process by which new info is acquired by the nervous system. |
| What is memory? | The mechanism of storage and retrieval of information |
| What is declarative memory? | Storage and retrieval of material that is available to consciousness and can therefore be expressed by language |
| What is nondeclarative memory? | Isn't available to consciousness at least not in any detail such memories involve skills and associations that are acquired and retrieved at an unconscious level |
| What are the major temporal categories of human memory? | Immediate memory, working memory and long-term memory |
| What is immediate memory? | The routine ability to hold ongoing experiences in mind for a few seconds. The capacity of this register is very large, involves all modalities, and provides the ongoing sense of a "present." |
| What is working memory? | The ability to hold information in mind long enough to carry out sequential actions. |
| What is long-term memory? | Entails the retention of info in a more permanent form of storage. |
| How did the study of amnesia patients contribute to determination of brain areas involved in memory? | Showed that the formation of declarative memories depends on the integrity of a subset of limbic circuits, particularly those subcortical connections to the mammillary bodies and dorsal thalamus |
| What is amnesia? | . The inability to learn new info or to retrieve info that has already been acquired |
| What predicts memory performance? | Activation of the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal cortex |
| Who is patient H.M? | Patient who had neurosurgery due to epilepsy. Had ability to form procedural (nondeclarative) memories intact. Had inability to recall events in his daily life. profound loss of short term declarative memory function |
| What is the major repository for many aspects of memory | The cerebral cortex |
| What areas of the brain are involved in nondeclarative memory storage? | Motor skills gradually acquired through practice are evidently stored in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and premotor cortex |
| What is priming? | . Shows that info previously presented is influential, even though we are entirely unaware of its effects on subsequent behavior. |
| What is emotional expression closely tied to? | The visceral motor system and entails the activity of all the central brain structures that govern the preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord |
| . What brain regions play a pivotal role in emotional processing? | The classical limbic system including the amygdala and several cortical areas in the orbital and medial aspects of the frontal lobe |
| What region of the brain is concerned with somatic expression of emotional behavior? | Regions in the forebrain and diencephalon motivate lower motor neuronal pools |
| What major structures coordinate the expression of behavioral ? | Neural activity relayed from the forebrain to autonomic and somatic motor nuclei via the hypothalamus and brainstem reticular formation. |
| What is the hypothalamus? | Critical center for coordination of both the autonomic and somatic components of emotional behavior |
| What is the major target of the hypothalamus? | . Reticular formation, the tangled web of nerve cells and fibers in the core of the brainstem |
| What is the amygdala? | Mediates processes that invest sensory experience with emotional significance. Participates in establishing associations between neural sensory stimuli and other stimuli that have some primary enforcement value. Emerges as a nodal point in a network that |
| What is the cortical lateralization of emotional functions? | The two hemispheres make different contributions to the governance of emotions. Right hemisphere is intimately concerned with both the perception and expression of emotions. Left hemisphere is associated with negative emotions |
| What two sex steroids influence neuronal growth and differentiation? | Estrogen and testosterone |
| . What influences synaptic transmission? | Estrogen |
| What is Magau's hypothesis? | We tend to remember emotional events than nonemotional events due to activation of amygdala in response to stress of flight or fight response. |
| Does epinephrine enhance human memory consolidation? | Can help consolidate memory |
Created by:
stephurtado7
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