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Chapter 20, MedTerms
The Muscular System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| flexion | closing the angle at a joint, such as bending at the knee or elbow |
| extension | opening the angle at a joint, such as straightening at the knee or elbow |
| abduction | movement away from the midline of the body, such as outward movement of the arm at the shoulder |
| adduction | movement toward the midline of the body, such as the return of a lifted arm to the body |
| rotation | turning of a body part on its own axis, such as turning of the forearm from the elbow |
| circumduction | circular movement from a central point, such as tracing a circle with an outstretched arm |
| pronation | turning downward, such as turning the palm of the hand downward |
| supination | turning upward, such as turning the palm of the hand upward |
| eversion | turning outward, such as turning the sole of the foot outward |
| inversion | turning inward, such as turning the sole of the foot inward |
| dorsiflexion | bending backward, such as moving the foot so that the toes point upward, away from the sole of the foot |
| plantar flexion | bending the sole of the foot, such as pointing the toes downward |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles |
| actin | One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin |
| agonist | A muscle that carries out a given movement (from Greek agon meaning "contest," "struggle") |
| antagonist | The muscle that opposes an agonist; it must relax when the agonist contracts |
| cardiac muscle | Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart wall |
| fascia | The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin (root: fasci/o) (plural: fasciae) |
| fascicle | A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers |
| insertion | In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton |
| muscle | An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that composes such organs (roots: my/o, muscul/o) |
| myosin | One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin |
| neuromuscular junction (NMJ) | The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
| origin | In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton |
| prime mover | The main muscle involved in a given movement |
| skeletal muscle | Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture |
| smooth muscle | Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of hollow organs, vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle |
| synergist | A muscle that assists a prime mover to produce a given movement |
| tendon | A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (roots: ten/o, tendin/o) |
| tonus | A state of steady, partial muscle contraction that maintains firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o) |
| my/o | muscle |
| muscul/o | muscle |
| in/o | fiber |
| fasci/o | fascia |
| ten/o, tendin/o | tendon |
| ton/o | tone |
| erg/o | work |
| kin/o-, kine, kinesi/o, kinet/o | movement |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | A disease caused by motor neuron degeneration resulting in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease |
| chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) | A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue along with muscle and joint pain and other symptoms; may be virally induced |
| dermatomyositis | A disease of unknown origin involving muscular inflammation as well as dermatitis and skin rashes |
| fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) | A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and stiffness and having no known cause |
| muscular dystrophy | A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by progressive weakness and muscular atrophy |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness; an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction |
| polymyositis | A disease of unknown cause involving muscular inflammation and weakness |
| repetitive strain injury (RSI) | Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of the arm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing, painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury, cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome |
| sprain | Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture |
| strain | Trauma to a muscle because of overuse or excessive stretch; if severe, may involve muscular tearing, bleeding, separation of a muscle from its tendon, or tendon separation from a bone |
| tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites; also spelled tendonitis |
| tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath |
| creatine kinase (CK) | An enzyme found in muscle tissue; the serum CK level increases in cases of muscle damage; creatine phosphokinase (CPK) |
| electromyography (EMG) | Study of the electrical activity of muscles during contraction |
| aponeurosis | A flat, white, sheet-like tendon that connects a muscle with the part that it moves (see abdominal aponeurosis) |
| creatine | A substance in muscle cells that stores energy for contraction |
| glycogen | A complex sugar that is stored for energy in muscles and in the liver |
| isometric | Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle tenses but does not shorten (literally: same measurement) |
| isotonic | Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle shortens to accomplish movement (literally: same tone) |
| kinesthesia | Awareness of movement; perception of the weight, direction, and degree of movement (-esthesia means "sensation") |
| lactic acid | An acid that accumulates in muscle cells functioning without enough oxygen (anaerobically), as in times of great physical exertion |
| motor unit | A single motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that its branches stimulate |
| myoglobin | A protein similar to hemoglobin that stores oxygen in muscle cells |
| asterixis | Rapid, jerky movements, especially in the hands, caused by intermittent loss of muscle tone |
| asthenia | Weakness (prefix a- meaning "without" with root sthen/o meaning "strength") |
| ataxia | Lack of muscle coordination (from root tax/o meaning "order, arrangement") (adjective: ataxic) |
| athetosis | A condition marked by slow, irregular, twisting movements, especially in the hands and fingers (adjective: athetotic) |
| atrophy | A wasting away; a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, such as muscular wasting from disuse |
| avulsion | Forcible tearing away of a part |
| clonus | Alternating spasmodic contraction and relaxation in a muscle (adjective: clonic) |
| contracture | Permanent contraction of a muscle |
| fasciculation | Involuntary small contractions or twitching of muscle fiber groups (fasiculi) |
| fibromyositis | A nonspecific term for pain, tenderness, and stiffness in muscles and joints |
| fibrositis | Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue, especially the muscle fasciae; marked by pain and stiffness |
| restless legs syndrome (RLS) | Uneasiness, twitching, or restlessness in the legs that occurs after going to bed and often leading to insomnia; may be caused by poor circulation or drug side effects |
| rhabdomyolysis | An acute disease involving diffuse destruction of skeletal muscle cells (root rhabd/o means "rod," referring to the long, rod-like muscle cells) |
| rhabdomyoma | A benign tumor of skeletal muscle |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | A highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle |
| rheumatism | A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles associated with joint pain (adjectives: rheumatic, rheumatoid) |
| spasm | A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction; may be clonic (contraction alternating with relaxation) or tonic (sustained); a strong and painful spasm may be called a cramp (adjectives: spastic, spasmodic) |
| spasticity | Increased tone or contractions of muscles causing stiff and awkward movements |
| tetanus | An acute infectious disease caused by the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium tetani; marked by persistent painful spasms of voluntary muscles; lockjaw |
| tetany | A condition marked by spasms, cramps, and muscle twitching caused by a metabolic imbalance, such as low blood calcium resulting from underactivity of the parathyroid glands |
| torticollis | Spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck; wryneck |
| Chvostek sign | Spasm of facial muscles after a tap over the facial nerve; evidence of tetany |
| dynamometer | Instrument for measuring degree of muscle power; from root dynam/o meaning "force, energy;" also called ergometer |
| occupational therapy (OT) | Health profession concerned with physical rehabilitation and prevention of disability; exercise, massage, and other therapeutic methods are used to restore proper movement |
| physical therapy (PT) | Health profession concerned with physical rehabilitation and prevention of disability; exercise, massage, and other therapeutic methods are used to restore proper movement |
| rheumatology | The study and treatment of rheumatic diseases |
| Trousseau sign | Spasmodic contractions caused by pressing the nerve supplying a muscle; seen in tetany |
| antiinflammatory agent | Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as cortisol, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs |
| COX-2 inhibitor | Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that does not cause the stomach problems associated with other NSAIDs; inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme without affecting the COX-1 enzyme, a lack of which can cause stomach ulcers |
| muscle relaxant | A drug that reduces muscle tension; different forms may be used to relax muscles during surgery, to control spasticity, or to relieve musculoskeletal pain |
| nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) | Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other inhibitors of prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote inflammation |
| ACh | Acetylcholine |
| ALS | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| CFS | Chronic fatigue syndrome |
| C(P)K | Creatine (phospho)kinase |
| CTS | Carpal tunnel syndrome |
| EMG | Electromyography, electromyogram |
| FMS | Fibromyalgia syndrome |
| LLE | Left lower extremity |
| LUE | Left upper extremity |
| MG | Myasthenia gravis |
| MMT | Manual muscle test(ing) |
| NMJ | Neuromuscular junction |
| OT | Occupational therapy/therapist |
| PT | Physical therapy/therapist |
| RICE | Rest, ice, compression, elevation |
| RLE | Right lower extremity |
| RLS | Restless legs syndrome |
| ROM | Range of motion |
| RSI | Repetitive strain injury |
| RTC | Rotator cuff |
| RUE | Right upper extremity |
| SITS | Suspraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (muscles) |
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