Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 11, MedTerms
The Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adenoids | Lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils |
| alveoli | The tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration (singular: alveolus); an alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity; the term also applies to the bony socket for a tooth |
| bronchiole | One of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root: bronchiol/o) |
| bronchus | One of the larger air passageways in the lungs; the bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural: bronchi) (root: bronch/o) |
| carbon dioxide (CO2) | A gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the lungs |
| carbonic acid | An acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water; H2CO3 |
| compliance | A measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure; compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders |
| diaphragm | The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inspiration (root: phren/o) |
| epiglottis | A leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea |
| expectoration | The act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released; sputum |
| expiration | The act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs; exhalation |
| glottis | The opening between the vocal folds |
| hemoglobin | The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen |
| inspiration | The act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation |
| larynx | The enlarged, superior portion of the trachea that contains the vocal folds (root: laryng/o) |
| lingual tonsils | Small mounds of lymphoid tissue at the posterior of the tongue |
| lung | A cone-shaped, spongy respiratory organ contained within the thorax (roots: pneum/o, pulm/o) |
| mediastinum | The space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space |
| nose | The organ of the face used for breathing and housing receptors for the sense of smell; includes an external portion and an internal nasal cavity (roots: nas/o, rhin/o) |
| oxygen (O2) | The gas needed by cells to release energy from food during metabolism |
| palatine tonsils | The paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx; usually meant when the term tonsils is used alone |
| pharynx | The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o) |
| phrenic nerve | The nerve that activates the diaphragm (root: phrenic/o) |
| pleura | A double-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the lungs (visceral pleura) (root: pleur/o) |
| pleural space | The thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity |
| pulmonary ventilation | The movement of air into and out of the lungs |
| sinus | A cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the nose and drain into the nasal cavity |
| sputum | The substance released by coughing or clearing the throat; expectoration; it may contain a variety of materials from the respiratory tract |
| surfactant | A substance that decreases surface tension within the alveoli and eases lung expansion |
| trachea | The air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi (root: trache/o) |
| turbinate bones | The bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell; also called conchae (singular: concha) |
| vocal folds | Membranous folds on either side of the larynx that are important in speech production; also called vocal cords |
| -pnea | breathing |
| -oxia | level of oxygen |
| -capnia | level of carbon dioxide |
| -phonia | voice |
| nas/o | nose |
| rhin/o | nose |
| pharyng/o | pharynx |
| laryng/o | larynx |
| trache/o | trachea |
| bronch/o, bronch/i | bronchus |
| bronchiol | bronchiole |
| phren/o | diaphragm |
| phrenic/o | phrenic nerve |
| pleur/o | pleura |
| pulm/o, pulmon/o | lung |
| pneumon/o | lung |
| pneum/o, pneumat/o | air, gas; also respiration, lung |
| spir/o | breathing |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Most common cause of pneumonia; streptococcal pneumonia |
| Haemophilus influenzae | Pneumonia, especially in debilitated patients |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Pneumonia in elderly and debilitated patients |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Mild pneumonia, usually in young adults and children; "walking pneumonia" |
| Legionella pneumophila | Legionellosis (Legionnaire disease); respiratory disease spread through water sources, such as air conditioners, pools, humidifiers |
| Chlamydia psittaci | Psittacosis (ornithosis); carried by birds |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | "Strep throat," scarlet fever |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Tuberculosis |
| Bordetella pertussis | Pertussis (whooping cough) |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Diphtheria |
| Rhinoviruses | Major cause of common cold; also caused by coronaviruses, adenoviruses, and others |
| Influenzavirus | Influenza |
| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Common cause of respiratory disease in infants |
| SARS coronavirus | Severe acute respiratory syndrome; highly infectious disease that appeared in 2003 and spreads from small mammals to humans |
| Hantavirus | Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS); spread by inhalation of virus released from dried rodent droppings |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | Histoplasmosis; spread by airborne spores |
| Coccidioides immitis | Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever, San Joaquin fever); found in dry, alkaline soilds |
| Blastomyces dermatitidis | Blastomycosis; rare but often fatal fungal disease |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) | Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP); seen in immunocompromised hosts |
| tidal volume (TV) | amount of air breathed into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing |
| residual volume (RV) | amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation |
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation |
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | amount of air that can be inhaled above a normal inspiration |
| total lung capacity (TLC) | total amount of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation |
| inspiratory capacity (IC) | amount of air that can be inhaled after normal exhalation |
| vital capacity (VC) | amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation |
| functional residual capacity (FRC) | amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation |
| forced expiratory volume (FEV) | volume of gas exhaled with maximum force within a given interval of time; the time interval is shown as a subscript, such as FEV1 (one second) and FEV3 (three seconds) |
| forced vital capacity (FVC) | the volume of gas exhaled as rapidly and completely as possible after a complete inhalation |
| acidosis | Abnormal acidity of body fluids; respiratory acidosis is caused by abnormally high carbon dioxide levels |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | Pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure; causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and drug reactions; shock lung |
| acute rhinitis | Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold |
| alkalosis | Abnormal alkalinity of body fluids; respiratory alkalosis is caused by abnormally low carbon dioxide levels |
| aspiration | The accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the lungs; also means the withdrawal of fluid from a cavity by suction |
| asthma | A disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of their mucous membranes |
| atelectasis | Incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse; may be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue (prefix atel/o means "imperfect") |
| bronchiectasis | Chronic dilatation of a bronchus or bronchi |
| bronchitis | Inflammation of a bronchus |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis |
| cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood (adjective: cyanotic) |
| cystic fibrosis (CF) | An inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands; characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi causing obstruction and leading to infection |
| diphtheria | Acute infectious disease, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract, characterized by the formation of a surface pseudomembrane composed of cells and coagulated material |
| dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing, sometimes with pain; "air hunger" |
| emphysema | A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and destruction of the alveoli |
| empyema | Accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space; pyothorax |
| hemoptysis | The spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract (ptysis means "spitting") |
| hemothorax | Presence of blood in the pleural space |
| hydrothorax | Presence of fluid in the pleural space |
| hyperventilation | Increase in the rate and depth of breathing to above optimal levels, with blood carbon dioxide decreasing to levels below normal |
| hypoventilation | Condition in which the amount of air entering the alveoli is insufficient to meet metabolic needs and blood carbon dioxide increases to levels above normal |
| influenza | An acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain; "flu" |
| pertussis | An acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough |
| pleural effusion | Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space; the fluid may contain blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax or empyema) |
| pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis; a symptom of pleurisy is sharp pain on breathing |
| pneumoconiosis | Disease of the respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles; named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis |
| pneumonia | Inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection; may involve the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia) |
| pneumonitis | Inflammation of the lungs; may be caused by infection, asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants |
| pneumothorax | Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space; may result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung |
| pyothorax | Accumulation of pus in the pleural space; empyema |
| respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | A respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without enough surfactant in the lungs; it is treated with respiratory support and surfactant administration |
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | The sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant; crib death |
| tuberculosis | An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well |
| arterial blood gases (ABGs) | The concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood; reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2, or PaCO2; these measurements are important in measuring acid-base balance |
| bronchoscope | An endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways. Also allows access for tissue biopsy or removal of a foreign object |
| lung scan, or pulmonary scintiscan | Study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotopes in lung tissue; a ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material; a perfusion scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material |
| pulse oximetry | Determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear; reported as SpO2, in percent |
| pulmonary function tests | Tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry |
| spirometer | An apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities; record of test in a spirogram |
| thoracentesis | Surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems; also called thoracocentesis |
| tuberculin test, or Mantoux test | A skin test for tuberculosis; tuberculin (PPD), the test material made from products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin; a hard, raised lump appearing within 48 to 72 hours indicates an active or inactive TB infection |
| carina | A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage that forms a ridge between the two bronchi; used as a landmark for endoscopy; any ridge or ridge-like structure (from a Latin word that means "keel") |
| hyperpnea | Increase in the depth and rate of breathing to meet the body's needs, as in exercise |
| hypopnea | Decrease in the rate and depth of breathing |
| hilum | An anatomic depression in an organ where vessels and nerves enter |
| nares | The external openings of the nose; the nostrils (singular: naris) |
| nasal septum | The partition that divides the nasal cavity into two parts (root sept/o means "septum") |
| tachypnea | Excessive rate of breathing, which may be normal, as in exercise |
| anoxia | Lack or absence of oxygen in the tissues; often used incorrectly to mean hypoxia |
| asphyxia | Condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen; suffocation (literally "lack of pulse") |
| Biot respirations | Deep, fast breathing interrupted by sudden pauses; seen in spinal meningitis and other central nervous system disorders |
| bradypnea | Abnormally slow rate of breathing |
| bronchospasm | Narrowing of the bronchi caused by smooth muscle spasms; common in cases of asthma and bronchitis |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | A repeating cycle of gradually increased and then decreased respiration followed by a period of apnea; caused by depression of the breathing centers in the brainstem; seen in cases of coma and in terminally ill patients |
| cor pulmonale | Enlargement of the heart's right ventricle caused by disease of the lungs or pulmonary blood vessels |
| coryza | Acute inflammation of the nasal passages with profuse nasal discharge; acute rhinitis |
| croup | A childhood disease usually caused by a viral infection that involves upper airway inflammation and obstruction; croup is characterized by a barking cough, difficulty breathing, and laryngeal spasm |
| deviated septum | A shifted nasal septum; may require surgical correction |
| epiglottitis | Inflammation of the epiglottis that may lead to upper airway obstruction; commonly seen in croup (also spelled epiglottiditis) |
| epistaxis | Hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed (Greek: staxis means "dripping") |
| fremitus | A vibration, especially as felt through the chest wall on palpation |
| Kussmaul respiration | Rapid and deep gasping respiration without pause; characteristic of severe acidosis |
| pleural friction rub | A sound heard on auscultation that is produced by the rubbing together of the two pleural layers; a common sign of pleurisy |
| rales | Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid; usually heard during inspiration (singular: rale); also called crackles |
| rhonchi | Abnormal chest sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids, more noticeable during expiration (singular: rhonchus) |
| stridor | A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway |
| tussis | A cough; an antitussive drug is one that relieves or prevents coughing |
| wheeze | A whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory passageway |
| byssinosis | Obstructive airway disease caused by reaction to the dust in unprocessed plant fibers |
| sleep apnea | Intermittent periods of breathing cessation during sleep; central sleep apnea arises from failure of the brainstem to stimulate breathing; obstructive sleep apnea results from airway obstruction during deep sleep, as from obesity or enlarged tonsils |
| small cell carcinoma | A highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small, undifferentiated cells; "oat cell" carcinoma |
| mediastinoscopy | Examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted through an incision above the sternum |
| plethysmograoph | An instrument that measures changes in gas volume and pressure during respiration |
| pneumotachometer | A device for measuring air flow |
| thoracoscopy | Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope; pleuroscopy |
| aerosol therapy | Treatment by inhalation of a drug or water in spray form |
| continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) | Use of a mechanical respirator to maintain pressure throughout the respiratory cycle in a patient who is breathing spontaneously |
| extubation | Removal of a previously inserted tube |
| intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) | Use of a ventilator to inflate the lungs at intervals under positive pressure during inhalation |
| intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) | Use of a mechanical ventilator to force air into the lungs while allowing for passive exhalation |
| nasal cannula | A two-pronged plastic device inserted into the nostrils for delivery of oxygen |
| orthopneic position | An upright or semi-upright position that aids breathing |
| positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) | Use of a mechanical ventilator to increase the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of exhalation, thus improving gas exchange |
| postural drainage | Use of body position to drain secretions from the lungs by gravity; the patient is placed so that secretions will move passively into the larger airways for elimination |
| thoracic gas volume (TGV, VTG) | The volume of gas in the thoracic cavity calculated from measurements made with a body plethysmograph |
| adenoidectomy | Surgical removal of the adenoids |
| intubation | Insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as into the larynx or trachea for entrance of air; patients may be intubated during surgery for administration of anesthesia or to maintain an airway |
| endotracheal intubation | Insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as into the larynx or trachea for entrance of air; endotracheal intubation may be used as an emergency measure when airways are blocked |
| lobectomy | Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung or of another organ |
| pneumoplasty | Plastic surgery of the lung; in reduction pneumoplasty, nonfunctional portions of the lung are removed, as in cases of advanced emphysema |
| tracheotomy | Incision of the trachea through the neck, usually to establish an airway in cases of tracheal obstruction |
| tracheostomy | Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea to form an airway or to prepare for the insertion of a tube for ventilation; also the opening thus created |
| antihistamine | Agent that prevents responses mediated by histamine, such as allergic and inflammatory reactions |
| antitussive | Drug that prevents or relieves coughing |
| asthma maintenance drug | Agent used to prevent asthma attacks and for chronic treatment of asthma |
| bronchodilator | Drug that relieves bronchial spasm and widens the bronchi |
| corticosteroid | Hormone from the adrenal cortex; used to reduce inflammation |
| decongestant | Agent that reduces congestion or swelling |
| expectorant | Agent that aids in removal of bronchopulmonary secretions |
| isoniazid (INH) | Drug used to treat tuberculosis |
| leukotriene antagonist | Drug that prevents or reduces inflammation by inhibiting leukotrienes, substances made in white blood cells that promote inflammation, constrict the bronchi, and increase mucus production; used in asthma treatment |
| mucolytic | Agent that loosens mucus to aid in its removal |
| rifampin (rifampicin) | Drug used to treat tuberculosis |
| ABG(s) | Arterial blood gas(es) |
| AFB | Acid-fast bacillus (usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis) |
| ARDS | Acute respiratory distress syndrome; shock lung |
| ARF | Acute respiratory failure |
| BCG | Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (tuberculosis vaccine) |
| BS | Breath sounds |
| C | Compliance |
| CF | Cystic fibrosis |
| CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
| COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| CPAP | Continuous positive airway pressure |
| CXR | Chest radiograph, chest x-ray |
| DTaP | Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (vaccine) |
| ERV | Expiratory reserve volume |
| FEV | Forced expiratory volume |
| FRC | Functional residual capacity |
| FVC | Forced vital capacity |
| HPS | Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome |
| IC | Inspiratory capacity |
| IGRA | Interferon-gamma release assay (test for TB) |
| INH | Isoniazid |
| IPPB | Intermittent positive pressure breathing |
| IPPV | Intermittent positive pressure ventilation |
| IRV | Inspiratory reserve volume |
| LLL | Left lower lobe (of lung) |
| LUL | Left upper lobe (of lung) |
| MEFR | Maximal expiratory flow rate |
| MMFR | Maximum midexpiratory flow rate |
| NAA | Nucleic acid amplification (test) (for TB) |
| O2 | Oxygen |
| PaCO2 | Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
| PaO2 | Arterial partial pressure of oxygen |
| PCP | Pneumocystis pneumonia |
| PEEP | Positive end-expiratory pressure |
| PEFR | Peak expiratory flow rate |
| PFT | Pulmonary function test(s) |
| PIP | Peak inspiratory pressure |
| PND | Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
| PPD | Purified protein derivative (tuberculin) |
| R | Respiration |
| RDS | Respiratory distress syndrome |
| RLL | Right lower lobe (of lung) |
| RML | Right middle lobe (of lung) |
| RSV | Respiratory syncytial virus |
| RUL | Right upper lobe (of lung) |
| RV | Residual volume |
| SARS | Severe acute respiratory syndrome |
| SIDS | Sudden infant death syndrome |
| SpO2 | Oxygen percent saturation |
| T & A | Tonsils and adenoids; tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy |
| TB | Tuberculosis |
| TGV | Thoracic gas volume |
| TLC | Total lung capacity |
| TV | Tidal volume |
| URI | Upper respiratory infection |
| VC | Vital capacity |
| VTG | Thoracic gas volume |
Created by:
SeedyVampire
Popular Medical sets