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Chapter 09, MedTerms
Circulation: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| aorta | The largest artery; it receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body (root: aort/o) |
| aortic valve | The valve at the entrance to the aorta |
| apex | The point of a cone-shaped structure (adjective: apical); the apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and left |
| artery | A vessel that carries blood away from the heart; all except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood (root: arter, arteri/o) |
| arteriole | A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries (root: arteriol/o) |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles |
| atrioventricular (AV) valve | A valve between the atrium and ventricle on the right and left sides of the heart; the right AV valve is the tricuspid valve; the left is the mitral valve |
| atrium | An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart (root: atri/o) |
| AV bundle | A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum; it divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of His |
| blood pressure | The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel |
| bundle branches | Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular and the tissues |
| capillary | A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues |
| cardiovascular system | The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels |
| depolarization | A change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or muscles |
| diastole | The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle (adjective: diastolic) |
| electrocardiography (ECG) | Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body; also abbreviated EKG from the German electrocardiography |
| endocardium | The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves |
| epicardium | The thin outermost layer of the heart wall |
| functional murmur | Any sound produces as the heart functions normally |
| heart | The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o) |
| heart rate | The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (bpm) |
| heart sounds | Sounds produced as the heart functions: the two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2 |
| inferior vena cava | The large inferior vein that brings blood low in oxygen back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower body |
| left AV valve | The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valve |
| mitral valve | The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve |
| myocardium | The thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle |
| pericardium | The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart |
| pulmonary artery | The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs |
| pulmonary circuit | The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart |
| pulmonary veins | The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart |
| pulmonary valve | The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery |
| pulse | The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract |
| Purkinje fibers | The terminal fibers of the cardiac conducting system; they carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles |
| repolarization | A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or muscles |
| right AV valve | The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valve |
| septum | A wall dividing two cavities, such as two chambers of the heart |
| sinus rhythm | Normal heart rhythm |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker |
| sphygmomanometer | An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure (root sphygm/o means "pulse"); blood pressure apparatus or cuff |
| superior vena cava | The large superior vein that brings blood low in oxygen back to the right atrium from the upper body |
| systemic circuit | The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart |
| systole | The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle (adjective: systolic) |
| valve | A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction (roots: valv/o, valvul/o) |
| vein | A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen (roots: ven/o, phleb/o) |
| ventricle | A small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart (root: ventricul/o) |
| venule | A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins |
| vessel | A tube or duct to transport fluid (roots: angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o) |
| cardi/o | heart |
| atri/o | atrium |
| ventricul/o | cavity, ventricle |
| valv/o, valvul/o | valve |
| angi/o | vessel |
| vas/o, vascul/o | vessel, duct |
| arter/o, arteri/o | artery |
| arteriol/o | arteriole |
| aort/o | aorta |
| ven/o, ven/i | vein |
| phleb/o | vein |
| aneurysm | A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst |
| angina pectoris | A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart |
| arrhythmia | Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat (literally "without rhythm;" note doubled r); also called dysrhythmia |
| arteriosclerosis | Hardening (sclerosis) of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or scar tissue formation |
| atherosclerosis | The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall; the most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) (root ather/o means "porridge" or "gruel") |
| bradycardia | A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow; causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke |
| clubbing | Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails; seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation |
| coarctation of the aorta | Localized narrowing of the aorta with restriction of blood flow |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis; high CRP levels can indicate cardiovascular disease and its prognosis |
| cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins |
| diaphoresis | Profuse sweating |
| dissecting aneurysm | An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers; usually involves the aorta |
| dyslipidemia | Disorder in the serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis; includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides) |
| dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing (-pnea) |
| edema | Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid; causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation, and malnutrition |
| embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation |
| embolus | A mass carried in the circulation; usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body |
| fibrillation | Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles |
| heart block | An interference in the electrical conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia |
| heart failure | A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation |
| hemorrhoid | A varicose vein in the rectum |
| hyptertension | A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure; essential (primary, idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause |
| ischemia | Local deficiency of blood supply caused by circulatory obstruction (root: hem/o) |
| infarct | An area of localized tissue necrosis (death) resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area |
| murmur | An abnormal heart sound |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area; myocardial infarction is usually caused by formation of a thrombus (clot) in a vessel |
| occlusion | A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel |
| patent ductus arteriosus | Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth; the ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs |
| phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein |
| plaque | A patch; with regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel; atheromatous plaque |
| rheumatic heart disease | Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of Streptococcus (group A hemolytic Streptococcus); the antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring usually involving the mitral valve |
| septal defect | An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale, an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation |
| shock | Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate blood supply to the tissues; cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure; hypovolemic shock is caused by a loss of blood volume; septic shock is caused by bacterial infection |
| stenosis | Constriction or narrowing of an opening |
| stroke | See cerebrovascular accident |
| syncope | A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting |
| tachycardia | An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm |
| thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot |
| thrombosis | Development of a blood clot within a vessel |
| thrombus | A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel (root: thromb/o) |
| varicose vein | A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel (root: varic/o); also called varix or varicosity |
| ablation | Removal or destruction. In cardiac ablation, a catheter is used to destroy a portion of the heart's conduction pathway to correct an arrhythmia |
| angioplasty | A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow; commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open |
| artificial pacemaker | A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat; it may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage |
| cardioversion | Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm; may be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current |
| coronary angiography | Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter threaded through blood vessels into the heart |
| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery; the aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg's saphenous vein |
| coronary calcium scan | Method for visualizing vessel-narrowing calcium deposits in coronary arteries; useful for diagnosing coronary artery disease in people at moderate risk or those who have undiagnosed chest pain; also known as a heart scan |
| creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) | Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI); serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage |
| CT angiography (CTA) | Computed tomography scan visualizes vessels in the heart; requires only a small amount of dye injected into the arm; can rule out blocked coronary arteries that may cause a myocardial infarction in people with chest pain or abnormal stress tests |
| defibrillation | Stops fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart; it may be delivered to the surface of the chest by an automated external defibrillator, or directly into the heart through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator |
| echocardiography | A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures |
| lipoprotein | A compound of protein with lipid; lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low-density (VLDL), low-density (LDL), and high-density (HDL); relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with cardiovascular health |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | Dilation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the arterial wall |
| stent | A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty |
| stress test | Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise; in a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercise |
| troponin (Tn) | A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction; increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI) |
| appendix | A small, finger-like mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine |
| lymph | The thin, plasma-like fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels (root: lymph/o) |
| lymph node | A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph (root: lymphaden/o) |
| lymphatic system | The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream; this system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract |
| Peyer patches | Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine |
| right lymphatic duct | The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the body's upper right side |
| spleen | A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen; it filters blood and destroys old red blood cells (root: splen/o) |
| thoracic duct | The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body; left lymphatic duct |
| thymus | A lymphoid organ in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum; it functions in immunity (root: thym/o) |
| tonsil | Small mass of lymphoid tissue located in region of the throat (pharynx) |
| lymph/o | lymph, lymphatic system |
| lymphaden/o | lymph node |
| lymphangi/o | lymphatic vessel |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thym/o | thymus |
| tonsil/o | tonsil |
| lymphadenitis | Inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection |
| lymphangitis | Inflammation of lymphatic vessels as a result of bacterial infection; appears as painful red streaks under the skin |
| lymphedema | Swelling of tissue with lymph caused by obstruction or excision of lymphatic vessels |
| lymphoma | Any neoplastic disease of lymphoid tissue |
| apical pulse | Pulse felt or heard over the heart's apex; it is measured in the fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from the midline |
| cardiac output | The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute |
| Korotkoff sounds | Arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope ruing determination of blood pressure with a cuff |
| perfusion | The passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissue |
| precordium | The anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax; adjective: precordial |
| pulse pressure | The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure |
| stroke volume | The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat |
| Valsalva maneuver | Bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed; this action has an effect on the cardiovascular system |
| bruit | An abnormal sound heard in auscultation |
| cardiac tamponade | Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac; may result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels |
| ectopic beat | A heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node |
| extrasystole | Premature heart contraction that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA node |
| flutter | Very rapid (200-300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or the ventricles |
| hypotension | A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure |
| intermittent claudication | Pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply; the pain disappears with rest |
| mitral valve prolapse | Movement of the mitral valve cusps into the left atrium when the ventricles contract |
| occlusive vascular disease | Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels |
| palpitation | A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat |
| pitting edema | Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin |
| polyarteritis nodosa | Potentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries; symptoms depend on the organ affected |
| Raynaud disease | A disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold |
| regurgitation | A backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve |
| stasis | Stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine; blood stasis may lead to dermatitis and ulcer formation |
| subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) | Bacterial growth in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fever |
| tetralogy of Fallot | A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy |
| thromboangiitis obliterans | Inflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs; most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking; clotting of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet; also called Buerger disease |
| vegetation | Irregular bacterial outgrowths on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic fever |
| Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) | A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathway |
| cardiac catheterization | Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosis, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure |
| central venous pressure (CVP) | Pressure in the superior vena cava |
| cineangiocardiography | The photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion picture techniques |
| Doppler echocardiography | An imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flow |
| Holter monitor | A portable device that can record from 24 hours to one month of an individual's ECG readings during normal activity |
| homocysteine | An amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease |
| phlebotomist | Technician who specializes in drawing blood |
| phonocardiography | Electronic recording of heart sounds |
| plethysmography | Measurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it; impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis |
| pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) | Pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery. It is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium |
| radionuclide heart scan | Imaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope; the PYP scan using 99mTc is used to test for myocardial infarction because the isotope is taken up by damaged tissue; the MUGA scan gives information on heart function |
| Swan-Ganz catheter | A cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure; it is flow guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery |
| transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) | Use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the heart |
| triglyceride | Simple fat that circulates in the bloodstream |
| ventriculography | X-ray study of the heart's ventricles after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter |
| atherectomy | Removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel; may be done by open surgery or through the vessel's lumen |
| commissurotomy | Surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valvular opening |
| embolectomy | Surgical removal of an embolus |
| intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) | A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta, inflating during diastole to improve coronary circulation and deflating before systole to allow blood ejection |
| ventricular assist device (VAD) | A pump that takes over a ventricle's function in delivering blood into the pulmonary or systemic circuit; these devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure; most common is an LVAD |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | A drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure |
| angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) | A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptor antagonist |
| antiarrhythmic agent | A drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat |
| beta-adrenergic blocking agent | Drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blocker |
| calcium-channel blocker | Drug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells |
| digitalis | A drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions |
| diuretic | Drug that eliminates fluid by increasing the kidney's output of urine; lowered blood volume decreases the heart's workload |
| hypolipidemic agent | Drug that lowers serum cholesterol |
| lidocaine | A local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias |
| loop diuretic | Drug that increases urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops) |
| nitroglycerin | A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels |
| statins | Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood; the drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, and atorvastatin |
| streptokinase (SK) | An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots |
| tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) | A drug used to dissolve blood clots; it activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots |
| vasodilator | A drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow |
| ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| AED | Automated external defibrillator |
| AF | Atrial fibrillation |
| AMI | Acute myocardial infarction |
| APC | Atrial premature complex |
| AR | Aortic regurgitation |
| ARB | Angiotensin receptor blocker |
| AS | Aortic stenosis; arteriosclerosis |
| ASCVD | Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
| ASD | Atrial septal defect |
| ASHD | Arteriosclerotic heart disease |
| AT | Atrial tachycardia |
| AV | Atrioventricular |
| BBB | Bundle branch block (left or right) |
| BP | Blood pressure |
| bpm | Beats per minute |
| CABG | Coronary artery bypass graft |
| CAD | Coronary artery disease |
| CCU | Coronary/cardiac care unit |
| CHD | Coronary heart disease |
| CHF | Congestive heart failure |
| CK-MB | Creatine kinase MB |
| CPR | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| CTA | Computed tomography angiography |
| CVA | Cerebrovascular accident |
| CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
| CVI | Chronic venous insufficiency |
| CVP | Central venous pressure |
| DOE | Dyspnea on exertion |
| DVT | Deep vein thrombosis |
| ECG (EKG) | Electrocardiogram, electrocardiography |
| HDL | High-density lipoprotein |
| hs-CRP | High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (test) |
| HTN | Hypertension |
| IABP | Intraaortic balloon pump |
| ICD | Implantable cardioverter defibrillator |
| IVCD | Intraventricular conduction delay |
| JVP | Jugular venous pulse |
| LAD | Left anterior descending (coronary artery) |
| LAHB | Left anterior hemiblock |
| LDL | Low-density lipoprotein |
| LV | Left ventricle |
| LVAD | Left ventricular assist device |
| LVEDP | Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure |
| LVH | Left ventricular hypertrophy |
| MI | Myocardial infarction |
| mm Hg | Millimeters of mercury |
| MR | Mitral regurgitation, reflux |
| MS | Mitral stenosis |
| MUGA | Multigated acquisition (scan) |
| MVP | Mitral valve prolapse |
| MVR | Mitral valve replacement |
| NSR | Normal sinus rhythm |
| P | Pulse |
| PAC | Premature atrial contraction |
| PAP | Pulmonary arterial pressure |
| PCI | Percutaneous coronary intervention |
| PCWP | Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
| PMI | Point of maximal impulse |
| PSVT | Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia |
| PTCA | Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| PVC | Premature ventricular contraction |
| PVD | Peripheral vascular disease |
| PYP | Pyrophosphate (scan) |
| S1 | First heart sound |
| S2 | Second heart sound |
| SA | Sinoatrial |
| SBE | Subacute bacterial endocarditis |
| SK | Streptokinase |
| SVT | Supraventricular tachycardia |
| 99mTc | Technetium-99 m |
| TEE | Transesophageal echocardiography |
| Tn | Troponin |
| tPA | Tissue plasminogen activator |
| VAD | Ventricular assist device |
| VF, v fib | Ventricular fibrillation |
| VLDL | Very-low-density lipoprotein |
| VPC | Ventricular premature complex |
| VSD | Ventricular septal defect |
| VT | Ventricular tachycardia |
| VTE | Venous thromboembolism |
| WPW | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome |
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