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Chapter 05, MedTerms
Body Structure
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anterior (ventral) | toward or at the front (belly) of the body |
| posterior (dorsal) | toward or at the back (dorsum) of the body |
| medial | toward the midline of the body |
| lateral | toward the side of the body |
| proximal | nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point |
| distal | farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point |
| superior | above, in a higher position |
| inferior | below, in a lower position |
| cranial (cephalad) | toward the head |
| caudal | toward the lower end of the spine (Latin cauda means "tail"); in humans, in an inferior direction |
| superficial (external) | closer to the surface of the body |
| deep (internal) | closer to the center of the body |
| frontal (coronal) plane | made at right angles to the midline and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| sagittal plane | passes from front to back and divides the body into right and left portions; if the plane passes through the midline, it is a midsagittal or medial plane |
| transverse (horizontal) plane | passes horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
| anatomic position | standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, legs parallel, toes pointed forward; used for descriptions and studies of the body |
| decubitus position | lying down, specifically according to the part of the body resting on a flat surface, as in left or right lateral decubitus, or dorsal or ventral decubitus |
| dorsal recumbent position | on back, with legs bent and separated, feet flat; used for obstetrics and gynecology |
| Fowler position | on back, head of bed raised about 18 inches, knees elevated; used to ease breathing and for drainage |
| jackknife position | on back with shoulders elevated, legs flexed and thighs at right angles to the abdomen; used to introduce a tube into the urethra |
| knee-chest position | on knees, head and upper chest on table, arms crossed above head; used in gynecology and obstetrics and for flushing the intestine |
| lateral recumbent position | on the side with one leg flexed, arm position may vary |
| lithotomy position | on back, legs flexed on abdomen, thighs apart; used for gynecologic and urologic surgery |
| prone | lying face down |
| Sims position | on left side, right leg drawn up high and forward, left arm along back, chest forward resting on bed; used for kidney and uterine surgery, colon examination, and enemas |
| supine | lying face up |
| Trendelenburg position | on back with head lowered by tilting bed back at 45-degree angle; used for pelvic and abdominal surgery, treatment of shock |
| abdominal cavity | The large ventral cavity below the diaphragm and above the pelvic cavity |
| abdominopelvic cavity | The large ventral cavity between the diaphragm and pelvis that includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| cranial cavity | The dorsal cavity that contains the brain |
| diaphragm | The muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity |
| pelvic cavity | The ventral cavity that is below the abdominal cavity |
| peritoneum | The large serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within it |
| spinal cavity (canal) | Dorsal cavity that contains the spinal cord |
| thoracic cavity | The ventral cavity above the diaphragm, the chest cavity |
| cephal/o | head |
| cervic/o | neck |
| thorac/o | chest, thorax |
| abdomin/o | abdomen |
| celi/o | abdomen |
| lapar/o | abdominal wall |
| lumb/o | lumbar region, lower back |
| periton, peritone/o | peritoneum |
| acro | extremity, end |
| brachi/o | arm |
| dactyl/o | finger, toe |
| ped/o | foot |
| pod/o | foot |
| circum- | around |
| peri- | around |
| intra- | in, within |
| epi- | on, over |
| extra- | outside |
| infra- | below |
| sub- | below, under |
| inter- | between |
| juxta- | near, beside |
| para- | near, beside |
| retro- | behind, backward |
| supra- | above |
| digit | A finger or toe (adjective: digital) |
| epigastrium | The epigastric region |
| fundus | The base or body of a hollow organ, the area of an organ farthest from its opening |
| hypochondrium | The hypochondriac region (left or right) |
| lumen | The central opening within a tube or hollow organ |
| meatus | A passage or opening |
| orifice | The opening of a cavity |
| os | Mouth, any body opening |
| septum | A wall dividing two cavities |
| sinus | A cavity, as within a bone |
| sphincter | A circular muscle that regulates an opening |
| LLQ | Left lower quadrant |
| LUQ | Left upper quadrant |
| RLQ | Right lower quadrant |
| RUQ | Right upper quadrant |
| epigastric region | located above the stomach |
| umbilical region | named for the umbilicus, or navel |
| hypogastric region | located below the stomach |
| hypochondriac regions | right and left, named for their positions near the ribs, specifically near the cartilages (root: chondr/o) of the ribs |
| lumbar regions | right and left, which are located near the small of the back (lumbar region of the spine) |
| iliac regions | right and left, named for the upper bone of the hip, the ilium; also called the inguinal regions, with reference to the groin |
| cephalic | head |
| cranial | skull |
| facial | face |
| frontal | forehead |
| ocular | eye |
| oral | mouth |
| mammary | breast |
| thoracic | chest |
| axillary | armpit |
| brachial | arm |
| antecubital | inner elbow |
| umbilical | navel |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| inguinal | groin |
| pubic | pubis |
| carpal | wrist |
| manual | hand |
| palmar | palm |
| phalangeal | fingers, toes |
| femoral | thigh |
| patellar | kneecap |
| crural | leg |
| tarsal | ankle |
| pedal | foot |
| parietal | crown |
| occipital | base of skull |
| cervical | neck |
| acromial | shoulder |
| deltoid | lateral shoulder |
| scapular | shoulder blade |
| lumbar | small of back |
| lateral abdominal | flank |
| sacral | sacrum |
| iliac | hip |
| gluteal | buttock |
| popliteal | back of knee |
| sural | calf |
| calcaneal | heel |
| plantar | sole of foot |
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