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Chapter 17
Female reproductive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Woman ovulate from one side each month | If ovulation from both sides together in one month you may have twins |
| MENARCHE | First menses |
| First menses usually occurs | Between 11 - 15 But can be as early as 9 y o |
| Monthly cycle will continue for | 35 yrs or until menopause |
| Average monthly cycle occurs every | 28 days But can be between 21 - 35 days |
| Cycle is counted | From the first day of menses until the first day of the next menses |
| Average length of bleeding | 3 - 8 days |
| Amenorrhea | Absence of menstrual flow |
| Dysmenorrhea | Painful menstrual flow |
| AUB | Abnormal uterine bleeding |
| Abnormal uterine bleeding | Refers to excessive bleeding / bleeding between periods |
| AUB ( abnormal urterine bleeding) REPLACES THE TERM | Menorrhagia and metorrhagia |
| MENOPAUSE | Defined as the cessation of menses for at least 12 months |
| MENOPAUSE USUALLY OCCURS | Around age 52 But can occur anytime after 40 |
| MENOPAUSE 3 phases | Phase 1 peri menopause Phase 2 menopause Phase 3 post menopause |
| Phase 1 peri menopause | Estrogen product decreases Can last 1 - 2 years Most woman will begin to have S&S |
| Phase 2 menopause | No period for 12 consecutive months / Most symptoms occur during this time / Estrogen production has stopped / Eggs are no longer released |
| Phase. 3 post menopause | Refers to the time after menopause occurs/ S&S start to subside / long term health issues of menopause may begin |
| Signs and symptoms | # 1 complaint hot flashes - nite sweats - irritability -poor bladder function - fatigue - mood swings - Vaginal dryness - head aches - insomnia - low concentration - depression |
| SBE | Self breast exams Monthly by age 20 ( 7-10 ) days after LMP - SAME TIME EVERY MONTH |
| Breast cancer risk factors | Age / female / (greater then or equal to age 55 - braci and brcaz gene) First menses/ FX /less then 12 and Caucasian/ |
| Secondary risk factors | Dense breast tissue/ lifestyle Lazy / zero pregnancy after 30 yo/ smoking /heavy alcohol consumption/HRT/ chemical exposure/ radiation exposure/ |
| MAMOGRAM ANUALLY | After 40 yo |
| GYN EXAM | Info needed date of first menses/ LMP INCLUDING LENGTH AND TYPE OF FLOW |
| GRAVIDA | How many pregnancy |
| Para | How many live births |
| More info abtained at GYN VISIST | Date of LAST PAP SMEAR / any abnormal apps / contraception/ HRT / Mammo if acceptable / STD's/ GYN SURGERIES/ sexual HX/ |
| Pelvic exam | Visual inspection/ collection of tissue for Pap smear/ bimanual pelvic/rectal exam |
| Pap smear testing for cervical cancer | Collection of tissues from the cervix for cytological examination Cells are collected from the cervix and endo cervical canal |
| Liquid prep method | ( Most common) cells are suspended in the liquid for more inclusive testing CANCER / HPV /GONNORRHEA / CHLAMYDIA |
| ENDOMETRIAL ABLATION | Use of cautery or hot water to destroy endometrial tissue TX : excessive bleeding |
| Essure | Metal coil with heat that scars the Fallopian tube TX: permanent BC |
| Hysterectomy with bilateral SALPINGO-OOPHERECTOMY | Removal of uterus Fallopian tubes and ovaries TX : cancer excessive bleeding |
| TUBAL LIGATION | Disruption of Fallopian tubes that prevent the eggs from getting to the uterus TX : PCN / flagyl/ doxycycline |
| ANTIESTROGEN | Prevents the effects of estrogen on tumors Meds: tamoxifen ( blocks estrogen to keep from growing ) |
| ANTIFUNGALS | TX yeast infections Meds: ministrations / diflucan |
| Estrogen based contraception | ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE "mimic "natural cycle Preventing ovulation Meds: othrotricyole/ nuvaring |
| OB | Obstetrician cares for the pregnant woman |
| GYN | Gynecologist treats disease and disorders of the female reproductive system |
| Menstruation | Process where the lining of the uterus sheds and flows out of the body Through the vagina |
| Average age for menses to begin | 11-15 yrs o |
| Average menstrual cycle | 28 days |
| Average days that a woman bleeds during the cycle | 3-8 days |
| Amenorrhea | Absence of menstrual flow |
| Dysmenorrhea | Painful mensuration |
| Dysfunctional uterine bleeding | Excessive menstrual flow and / or days of flow / bleeding or spotting Between regular cycle |
| MENOPAUSE | Cessation of menses |
| Average age of Menopause | 52 yrs o , but can occur any time after 40 |
| Average length of time a woman has her menstrual cycle until menopause occurs | 35 yrs |
| Phase 1. Peri menopause | This begins when estrogen production by the ovaries gradually decrease |
| Phase 2 menopause | Complete cessation of menstrual flow for at least 12 months |
| Phase 3 post menopause | The years after menopause when symptoms subside |
| Symptoms of menopause | Headache/ joint pain / vaginal dryness/ bladder control problems/ Fatigue/ mood swings/ insomnia/depression/irritability/ hot flashes/and nite sweats |
| Most common | Hot flashes |
| Long term issues linked to menopause | Heart disease/poor bowel and bladder functions/ poor brain functions/ Osteoporosis/increased wrinkles of the skin/ gingivitis/loss of muscle tone / vision problems |
| HRT9 hormone replacement therapy may be linked to | Breast cancer/ blood clots/dementia/cardiovascular disease |
| A complete GYN exam includes | Breast exam / pelvic and vaginal exam/PAP smear and cultures/ bimanual pelvic-abdominal exam / rectal exam |
| GRAVIDA | Term that refers to how many times a woman has been pregnant |
| PARA | Refers to how many live births/ abortion/ miscarriages/ pre-term births and Full term births |
| Mammograms | X-ray of breast tissue to detect breast cancer |
| BSE - breast self exam should be done | Every month at the same time about 7-10 days after the LMP |
| MAMOGRAMs are done yearly after the age of | 40 yrs old |
| Most common and reliable method of PAP TEST | Liquid prep method |
| Cervix Is dilated and endometrial lining is scraped | D & C ( dilation and curettage) |
| Visualization of the vaginal and cervical tissue with a colposcope | Colposcopy |
| Full term pregnancy is considered to be | 37- 40 weeks gestation |
| Pregnancy is divided into three | Trimesters |
| Prenatal visit will include a | Complete medical history/ physical exam including a pelvic exam/ blood work/ pap smear and vaginal cultures/ PT EDUCATION and blood work |
| NAGELES RULE | EDD / 1st day of LMP + 7 days - 3 months + 1 year |
| Hypertension of pregnancy is called | Preeclampsia or toxemia |
| GESTATIONAL DIABETES | Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy |
| Placenta previa | Low lying placenta that may block the cervical opening |
| Placenta abruptio | Placenta that prematurely detaches for the wall of the uterus |
| Hyperemsis GRAVIDARUM | Excessive nausea and vomiting that causes dehydration |
| Miscarriage/ abortion | Pregnancy that ends prior to the fetus being viable |
| GTT | Lab test that is done to screen for gestational diabetes |
| Ultrasound | High frequency sound waves that produce an image of the fetus |
| Amniocentesis | Amniotic fluid aspirated from the amniotic sac using a needle under ultrasound guidance |
| Lochia | Vaginal discharge that occurs after delivery |
| Lochia ruba | Bright red discharge for the first three days postpartum |
| Lochia serosa | Pink or brownish discharge that occurs around day four of postpartum |
| Lochia alba | Yellowish white discharge that continues up to 3-6 weeks post pardum |
| Postpartum visit is done | 6 weeks after delivery |
| VULVADYNIA | Vulvar pain / burning /stinging/irritated or rawness/ Difficult mot treat due to extensive differential diagnosis |
| Vaginitis | Irritation of the vaginal region inflammation often associated with vaginal Discharge |
| Uterine fibroids | Benign myometrail tumor can lead to severe cramping and uterine bleeding |
| BREAST CANCER | Abnormal breast cells that can grow and spread through out the body |
| STD's | Are now REFFERED to as STI - sexually transmitted infections |
| VIRAPAP | Detects presence of HPV ( human papilloma virus) |
| Braxton hicks contractions | False labor |
| Labor of parturition | Begins when uterus begins to contract and ends with delivery of the bby |
| Stage 1 dilation | 10 cm completely enffaced or thinned out to facilitate delivery |
| Stage 2 expulsion | Cervix completely dilated and effaced and birth occurs |
| Stage 3 placental | Placenta is expelled |
| MECONIUM | Earliest stool of the new born |
| Postpartum/ postnatal begins | Upon delivery Last from 4-6 weeks |
| Menstrual flow resumes | After 2 months of non- nursing And after 3-6 months in nursing mother |
| Ovalations agents | Promotes ovulation Med/clomid |
| IDU | Intrauterine device/ low dose estrogen/ prevents fertilization and implantation / ( check for string to make sure it is still in MEDS / mirena/skyla/parayerd |
| Labs estradiol | Estrogen level ( low level suggest ovarian cancer) |
| Labs FSH FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | Elevated suggest estrogen secretions Elevated trying to get you to ovulate |
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Tbella
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