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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What muscles are involved in forced respiration? | Abs, Int. costal, Scalenes and sternocleidomastoid |
| What is the mechanism for inspiration? | Vol. increases when diaphragm contracts and ext. intercostals raise ribs |
| What receptors control the resp rates? | Central chemoreceptors, Stretch receptors and the Peripheral chemoreceptors |
| What do central chemoreceptors do? | It monitors the CO2 in the blood |
| What do the peripheral chemoreceptors do? | It monitors O2 and pH |
| Name the three properties of the lungs that makes it better for ventilation | Surface tension, Elasticity, and Lung compliance |
| What is the purpose of surfactant? | Prevent collapse, increases lung compliance and reduce surface tension by reducing the number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules |
| What is the purpose of the A-a gradient? | To measure the difference in alveolar conc. of O2 and arterial conc. of O2 |
| What does the A-a gradient indicate? | Cause of hypoxia |
| What does a raised A-a gradient indicate? | A diffusion defect, V/Q mismatch, and a right to left shunt |
| What is obstructive lung disease? | Difficulty exhaling all the air |
| What is restrictive lung disease? | Lungs restricted from fully expanding |
| What is meant by diffusion capacity? | How well lungs are able to extract O2 from inhaled air |
| What is meant by dead space? | Space that is occupied by conducting airways |
| What initiates respiration in a newborn? | Compression and recoil of fluid during birth, CO2 increasing, O2 & pH decreasing, respiratory centres in the medulla stimulated, Decrease in temperature |
| What happens in old age that causes a decrease in ventilation? | Muscle weakness, elastic recoil decreased, chest wall compliance decreased, vital capacity decreased, FEV1 decreased |
| What receptor does adrenaline act on where, and what does it do? | Lungs, Beta 2 receptor that causes bronchodilation |
| Name the acute responses in response to high altitudes | Peripheral chemoreceptors, Suppressed cardio inhibitory centre, and pulmonary vasoconstriction |
| How does suppressed cardiac inhibitory centre work to increase respiration at high altitudes? | By increasing heart rate, O2 uptake increases by pulmonary perfusion |
| How does pulmonary vasoconstriction help at high altitudes? | The right sides of the heart has to generate higher pressures to maintain cardiac output |
| What are the adaptive responses to high altitudes? | Central chemoreceptors, Alkalosis, and the kidneys |
| How does alkalosis help at high altitudes? | 2,3 dorsal respiratory group is stimulated which decreases Hb's O2 affinity and the dissociation curve shifts to the right. This leads to O2 unloading |
| How does acclimatization occur? | Increase of Hb conc. , Blood volume increases, Angiogenesis occurs and Pulmonary arterial BP increases |
| What is the equation that shows how CO2 is carried in the blood? | H2O+CO2 <--> H2CO3<-->H+ + HCO3- |
| What happens when: Increase of pCO2 | Increase of ventilation --> Eliminate CO2 --> Reduces H+ conc. --> pH increase |
| What happens when: Decrease of pCO2 | Decreased ventilation --> CO2 increase --> H+ ions increase --> pH decrease |
| What happens to pH when: Ventilation increases | pH increases |
| What happens to pH when: Ventilation decreases | pH decreases |
| What happens when [H+] increases? | Alveolar ventilation increases |
| What does the carotid chemoreceptor sense? | PCO2 |
| What does the aortic chemoreceptor sense? | PCO2 & PO2 |
| What does the central chemoreceptor sense? | H+ in CSF |
| What does CFTR do? | It codes for a ABC transporter class ion channel |
| What does CFTR channel do? | It functions as a channel for the movement of Cl- |
| What occurs during cystic fibrosis? | Sticky mucus builds up as a result of the lack of Cl- ions |
Created by:
lijingsaw
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