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DPR
Development, Plasticity, and Repair
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Growth Cone | Site of Axon Growth |
| Actin | Cell Adhesion Molecules |
| Cadherins & N-Cams | Actin that stick to other Cells |
| Integrins | Stick to Laminin inside the cell |
| Actin Filaments | Stabilize with Arp2/3 |
| MAPs | Stabilize microtubule Growth |
| PC12 w/ CSPG | Barely grow |
| PC12 w/o CSPG | Grow in many directions |
| First Stage of Neurite Outgrowth | Spherical |
| Second Stage of Neurite Outgrowth | Initial Sprouts |
| Third Stage of Neurite Outgrowth | Immature Neurites |
| Growth Cone (Neurite outgrowth) | Longest spine becomes the axon |
| Axons | Don't taper |
| Dendrites | Have many branches and taper |
| Growth Cone Cone | Rich in Actin |
| Growth Cone Neurite | Rich in Tubulin |
| Filopodia | Extensions of actin |
| Integrin and Laminins | What Filopodia look for |
| Matrix Adhesion | Follows the Highest concentration of integrin and laminins |
| Cell Surface Adhesion | Follows proteins expressed by other cells |
| Fasciculation | Follows axon of another cell |
| GEF | Guanazine Exchange Factor |
| GAP | GTPase |
| Peripheral Growth Cone Domain | Has Lamellipodia and Filopodia |
| Lamellipodia | Sheet of Cell Membrane with F-Actin |
| Central Growth Cone Domain | Nearest axon and contains cytoskeleton |
| Axon Shaft | Permanent structure that will not change |
| Transitional Growth Cone Domain | Thin region between peripheral and central |
| F-Actin Arc | Generates force for the filopodia |
| Protrusion | Actin bridges of filopodia extend |
| Engorgement | Central Domain moves forward |
| Consolidation | Axon shaft forms |
| Netrin in Growth | Increases growth regardless of direction |
| Integrin in Growth | Increases growth speed |
| Repulsion Cue | F-Actin Retrograde Flow |
| Attractive Cue | F-Actin assembly |
| ARP-23 | Growth at angles along the length |
| Chemoattraction | Follows a high concentration of chemicals |
| Contact Inhibition | Follows the opposite direction of hitting something |
| Chemorepulsion | Follows away from specific chemicals |
| Ephrin Pathway | Activates RhoA, Rock, MLCK, and LIMK. Leads to Growth Cone Collapse |
| RhoA | Makes GTP |
| Netrin Pathway | Activates F-Actine Polymerization |
| Slit Pathway | Activates Robo and builds growth cone |
| Semaphorin Pathway | Deactivates RhoA |
| Semaphorin | Sema1a interacts with tyrosine kinase |
| Netrin | Directs growth of Neurons |
| Open Book Experiment | By moving floor plates, proof neurons grow through plate, then away from |
| Netrin Receptors | DCC and UNC-5 |
| DCC | Leads to attraction |
| UNC-5 | Blocks DCC |
| Slit and Robo | Interacts with DCC to change netrin from attractive to repulsive |
| Synaptogenesis | When Axon comes into contact with Dendrite |
| Canonical Wnt | Uses Gene transcription to form synapse |
| Divergent Wnt | Anything not canonical |
| Proof 1 Divergent =/= Transcription | Blocking RNA lets the assembly continue |
| Proof 2 Divergent =/= Transcription | Time course isn't consistent |
| GSK3B | Phosphorylates B-Catenin |
| Dishevelled (Dvl) | Blocks GSK3B |
| B-Catenin | Phosphorylated version targets for destruction |
| MAP1B | Sticks to Microtubules and bends them |
| APC | Pushes Growth Cone Forward |
| Frizzled | Stops growth of Growth Cone |
| Wnt Main Effect | Blocking GSK3B to prevent MAP1B phosphorylation |
| 7a Wnt | Recruits PSD-95 |
| 5a Wnt | Alone, this makes inhibitory |
| 5a and 7a Wnt | Recruit JNK |
| PSD-95 | Inserted by CaMKII and forms synapse |
| Microtubules Cytoskeleton | Primary function is structural mainenance |
| Motor Proteins | Walk down Microtubules |
| Microfilaments | Made of actin that primarily are used to change the cell shape |
| Intermediate Filaments | Used for cell shape tension |
| Dineds | Two Feet Motor Proteins |
| Myosin | One foot Motor Proteins |
| Benefit of Metabotropic Channel | Crosstalk and Signal Increase |
| Acetylation | Open up DNA |
| Methylation | Closes up DNA |
| Regulator Elements | Increase/Decrease Activation of DNA |
| Enhancer Sites | Distal Control elements |
| Proximial | Nearby Control Elements |
| Introns | Junk DNA |
| Exons | Actual DNA |
| RNA POLII | Copies the DNA to RNA |
| Combinatory Control | One gene is activated by a specific set of proteins |
| Poteolysis | Destroys proteins with Ubiquitin |
| Activation Factors | Have to come in contact by bending the DNA to the POLII |
| Drosophila | Fruit Fly |
| C. Elegans | Nemotode |
| C. Elegans Benefits | Clear and Fate-Mapped |
| Forward Genetic Screen | Looking for mutations |
| Reverse Genetic Screen | Causing mutations |
| Knockout | Prevent a Gene from Activating |
| Knockin | Adding a Gene |
| Endoderm | Becomes the Gut and Digestive Organs |
| Mesoderm | Becomes the Muscles |
| Neuroectoderm | Becomes Brain |
| Ectoderm | Becomes Skin |
| Gastrulation | Creates the Germ Layers |
| Neurulation | Hollow Tube of Neural Tissue Formed |
| Delamination | Cells individually migrate inside to become neural |
| Blastomere | Cell derived from cleavage into early embryo |
| Blastula | Structure made of blastomeres |
| Blastocoel | Cavity where the Blastula is |
| Blastocyst | Mammalian Blastula |
| Blastopore | Invagination where Gastrulation begins |
| Nodochord | Signaling Structure that tells prechordal plate to be neural |
| Floor Plate | Signalling Structure |
| Neural Crest | Formed at the edges of the plate |
| Archenteron | Chamber where cells migrate inward |
| Epiblast | Precursor to Early Embryo in Chick Egg |
| Area Pellucida | Inner Flat Disk of Epiblast |
| Area Opaca | Outer Flat Disk of Epiblast |
| Koller's Sickle | Grows and forms Henson's Node |
| Henson's Node | Migrates and leaves a trail of mesoderm |
| Primative Streak | Becomes the mesoderm in Epiblast |
| What direction does Henson's Node move? | Dorsal |
| Spina Bifida | Neural Tube failure that leads to impairment |
| Cranioarchischisis | No head |
| Anencephaly | Brain doesn't fully form |
| Neural Induction | One tissue causes a change in development of another |
| Specificiation | Cell has information directing it to fate |
| Commitment | Cell has committed to be a specific fate |
| BMP | Signal for cells to become skin |
| CCNF | Cerberus Chordin Noggin Follistatin Blocks BMP |
| SMAD | Makes cells ectodermal. Blocked by CCNF |
| MAP Kinase | Inactivates SMAD |
| Body Axis | Formed by the Mesoderm |
| Bicroid | Original Signal Gradient Cannot transcribe itself |
| Hunchback | Reflects Initial Concentration of Bicoid |
| Dorsal | Chemical that diffuses in the dorsal direction |
| Snail | Chemical that turns cells to Mesoderm from High Dorsal |
| SOG | Chemical that turns cells to neuroectoderm from Medium Dorsal |
| DPP | Chemical that turns cells to Ectodermal |
| Gap Genes Order | Kni, Till, gt, Kr, Kni, gt |
| Transcription Factor Combination | Eve/Ftz+ Hunchback + Gap Genes = Body Regions |
| Hox Genes | Homeobox Genes that are activated by Pair Rule and Gap Genes |
| AP Axis | Defined by the direction of Hensen's Node |
| Competence | Cells have the potential to reach this fate |
| Notch | Makes other cells next to the neural cell skin |
| HES | Makes Glia Cells |
| Motogenic Factors | Initiation of Cell Migration MIA and Slits |
| Chain Migration | Scaffold are made of cells that are migrating |
| Rostral Migratory Stream | New olfactory neurons divide in subventricular zone |
| Symmetric Proliferative | All Progenitors |
| Asymmetric Generative | Rise of Neurons |
| Symmetric Generative | Neurons overtake progenitors |
| Neural Crest Cells | Originate at Neural Plate Border Become numerous tissue |
| Axon Initial Segment | Where Action Potentials start |
| S4 Helix | What moves and opens the voltage channels |
| Relative Refractory Period | Harder to fire again |
| Ohm's Law | Voltage = Current * Resistance |
| Synaptotagmin | Twists SNARE |
| Quanta | One vesicle release |
| Microdomains | Concentrations of calcium near active zones |
| Binomial Distribution | bin (x, n, p) |
| Bin X | Number released |
| Bin N | Number available to release |
| Bin P | Probability of release |
| p * q | Probability of one releasing, but not another |
| p^z * q^y | Probability of a specific configuration |
| nCx | n!/(n-x)!*x! |
| Habituation | Decrease in amount of released Glutamate |
| Fewer docked vesicles | Why habituation releases less glutamate |
| Low Calcium leves | What causes habituation |
| Wnt Pathway: Wnt leads to | Frizzled |
| Wnt Pathway: Frizzled leads to | Dvl |
| Wnt Pathway: Dvl leads to | GSK3B |
| Wnt Pathway: GSK3B leads to | BK and MAP1B |
| Wnt Pathway: MAP1B leads to | Looping Microtubules |
| HFS | Rapid firing of the presynaptic neuron |
| Gs Enzyme | PKA |
| Gq Enzyme | PKC |
| Gi Enzyme | None. Inhibits adenylyl cyclase |
| PKA affects | Potassium Channels and Release Machinery |
| PKC | Opens Calcium Channels |
| Sensitization uses the | Gq Pathway |
| PLC | Goes to PIP2 and removes IP3 |
| IP3 | Removal leaves behind DAG |
| DAG | Activates PKC |
| Classical Conditioning | Sensitization, but with association |
| Calmodulin acivates | CaMKII and CaMKIV |
| Coincidence Detector in CC | Adenylyl Cyclase |
| CREB | Mediates Gene Transcription |
| MAPK and PKA | Activates CREB |
| Mossy Fiber LTP | No coincidence detector, but based on activity levels |
| Direct Pathway | Starts in Layer 3 of entorhinal |
| Trysynaptic Pathway | Starts in Layer 2 of entorhinal |
| Mossy Fiber Pathway | Leads to Schaffer Collateral |
| Schaffer Collateral Pathway | Associative and calcium dependent |
| Mossy Fiber relies on which Enzyme? | PKA (MF) |
| Commissural Pathway | Requires Post Synaptic Involvement |
| PKC and AMPA | 1 leads to insertion of 2 |
| CaMKII | Rapid Phosphorylation of existing receptors |
| L-Type Ca Channels | Present in the Direct Perferant Pathway |
| Sensitization Pathway(s) | Gs and Gq |
| Hebbian Synapse | Cell A before Cell B leads to LTP. After leads to LTD |
| Anti-Hebbian Synapse | Anything that's not Hebbian |
| Negative ^T | Cell B is stimulated first |
| Positive ^T | Cell A is stimulated first |
| PKA is needed for which LT_? | LTP |
| GluN2B | Required for fear conditioning |
| Basolateral Amygdala | Site of signal convergence |
| Wallerian Degeneration | Breaking down with no containing |
| Wild Degeneration | Breaking down with containing |
| GP130 | Required for Regeneration |
| SOCS3 | Blocks Regeneration |
| Oligodentrocytes summons? | Reactive Astroctyes and Macrophages/Microglial Cells |
| Schwann Cells | Myelin in Peripheral |
| Neuroprogenetors | Parent neuron for new neurons |
| Parkinson's Disease | Loss of dopaminergic neurons |
| Substantia Nigra | What is affected in Parkinson's |
| Calcinurin | LTD Protein |
Created by:
Grezar15
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