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PS 201 Final
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 17th Amendment | The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people for six years; and have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures |
| Agenda-setting | the "ability [of the news media] to influence the salience of topics on the public agenda." That is, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important. |
| Bicameral Legislature | A legislature with two houses, or chambers. The British parliament is a bicameral legislature, Likewise, the United States Congress is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. |
| Buckley v. Valeo (1976) | a US constitutional law Supreme Court case on campaign finance. A majority of judges held that limits on election spending in the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 §608 are unconstitutional |
| Cabinet | a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch. |
| Casework | social work directly concerned with individuals, especially that involving a study of a person's family history and personal circumstances. |
| Chief justice | the presiding judge in a supreme court. |
| Civil law | the system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs |
| Cold War | The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. |
| Commander in chief | person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces or significant elements of those forces. In the latter case, the force element is those forces within a particular region, or associated by function. |
| Congressional districts (number in U.S., size per district | representation in the United States House of Representatives. The quantity (apportionment) and boundaries (redistricting) of districts are determined after each census |
| Conservatism | commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation. |
| Containment | A United States foreign policy doctrine adopted by the Harry S. Truman administration in 1947, operating on the principle that communist governments will eventually fall apart as long as they are prevented from expanding their influence. |
| Criminal law | a system of law concerned with the punishment of those who commit crimes. |
| Cuban missile crisis | 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba |
| Delegated powers | which are powers specifically given to the federal government |
| Delegates | a person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular an elected representative sent to a conference. |
| Equal time rule | specifies that U.S. radio and television broadcast stations must provide an equivalent opportunity to any opposing political candidates who request it. |
| Estate tax (“death tax”) | returns as a percentage of adult deaths, 1982–2008. The federal estate tax is imposed "on the transfer of the taxable estate of every decedent who is a citizen or resident of the United States. |
| Examples of party discipline | the ability of a parliamentary group of a political party to get its members to support the policies of their party leadership. |
| Fairness doctrine | was a policy of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 1949, that required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was honest, equitable, and balanced. |
| Framing | the system around which something is built up |
| Franking privilege | not absolute but is generally limited to official business, constituent bulk mails, and other uses as prescribed by law, such as the "Congressional Frank" afforded to Members of Congress in the United States. |
| Gerrymandering | manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class. achieve (a result) by manipulating the boundaries of an electoral constituency. |
| Going public | a private company's initial public offering (IPO), thus becoming a publicly traded and owned entity. Businesses usually go public to raise capital in hopes of expanding |
| Grassroots lobbying | approach that separates itself from direct lobbying through the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand, as opposed to conveying the message to the legislators directly |
| Hobbesians and Kantians | Hobbesian pessimists for whom power is crucial,The Kantian optimists for whom ideas and legal principles are vital. |
| Identity politics | a tendency for people of a particular religion, race, social background, etc., to form exclusive political alliances, moving away from traditional broad-based party politics. |
| Impeachment | Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed. |
| Inherent powers | Congress and the president need in order to get the job done right. Although not specified in the Constitution, they are reasonable powers that are a logical part of the powers delegated to Congress and the president. |
| Isolationism | a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. |
| Judicial review | review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act. |
| Liberalism | Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Whereas classical liberalism emphasises the role of liberty, social liberalism stresses the importance of equality |
| Lobbying | a form of advocacy of influencing decisions made by the government by individuals or more usually by lobby groups; it includes all attempts to influence legislators and officials, whether by other legislators, constituents, or organized groups. |
| Logrolling | the practice of exchanging favors, especially in politics by reciprocal voting for each other's proposed legislation. |
| Majority leader | the head of the majority party in a legislative body, especially the US Senate or House of Representatives. |
| Marbury vs. Madison (1803) | that a court may declare an act of Congress void if it is inconsistent with the Constitution |
| )Minority leader | the head of the minority party in a legislative body, especially the US Senate or House of Representatives. |
| Money bills | The procedure to pass a Money Bill in Parliament is a key provision limiting the powers. Any Bill other than a Money Bill cannot become law unless both Houses agree to it — with or without amendments. |
| Near v. Minnesota (1931) | United States Supreme Court decision that recognized the freedom of the press by roundly rejecting prior restraints on publication, a principle that was applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence. |
| New Deal Coalition | the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs in the United States that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until the late 1960s. |
| Non-state actors | an individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state. |
| Official jurisdiction of federal courts | Article III states that the "judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority." |
| Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court | Article III, section 2, of the Constitution distributes the federal judicial power between the Supreme Court's appellate and original jurisdiction, providing that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction in “all cases affecting ambassadors" |
| Oversight | an unintentional failure to notice or do something. |
| Party caucus/conference | Members of Congress meet regularly in closed sessions known as party conferences (Republicans) or party caucuses (Democrats). Participants set legislative agendas, select committee members and chairs, and hold elections to choose various Floor leaders. |
| Party identification | Party identification refers to the political party with which an individual identifies. Party identification is loyalty to a political party. |
| Patronage | the power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges. |
| Political Action Committee (PAC) | type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation. |
| Political Action Committee (PAC) | type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation. |
| Pork-barrel legislation | metaphor for the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district. |
| Precedents | a previous case or legal decision that may be or ( binding precedent ) must be followed in subsequent similar cases. |
| Presidents – which were impeached? | Presidents Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton were impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives, but acquitted by the Senate |
| Predictors of individual votes | Education Level—the Number One Predictor of Voting The Age Factor Income—a Reliable Predictor of Voting Race and Voter Participation Party Competitiveness and Voter Turnout |
| Priming | he process in which the media attend to some issues and not others and thereby alter the standards by which people evaluate election candidates |
| Prior restrainti | judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. In US law, the First Amendment severely limits the ability of the government to do this. |
| Prospective voting | the theory of democratic elections in which voters decide what the government will do in the near future by choosing a certain political party with distinct stances on issues. |
| Public law | the law of relationships between individuals and the government. |
| Redistricting | process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. All United States representatives and state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. |
| Retrospective Voting | 1. direct experience with personal finance, war, civil rights, and the like. 2. mediated retrospective evaluations which are those evaluations that depend on some intermediary. |
| Seniority | 1. . Congress members have their choice of committee assignments in order of rank based solely on length of service. 2 : Congress member of the majority party who has served longest on a committee receives the chairmanship. |
| Socialization | process by which people form their ideas about politics. It's the lifelong development of a person's political values |
| Speaker of the House | presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution. ... The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin |
| Standing | the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party's participation in the case. |
| Supreme Court | The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States |
| Telecommunications Act (1996) | first major overhaul of telecommunications law in almost 62 years. The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business -- to let any communications business compete in any market against any other |
| Trustees | an individual person or member of a board given control or powers of administration of property in trust with a legal obligation to administer it solely for the purposes specified |
| Veto | The power to turn the tide in a election. Final say. |
| Voter turnout percentages in presidential elections | Voter turnout in the United States fluctuates in national elections. In recent elections, about 60% of the voting eligible population votes during presidential election years, and about 40% votes during midterm elections. |
| Writ of certiora | orders a lower court to deliver its record in a case so that the higher court may review it. |
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