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Med Term CH7
Med Term CH7 Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bronch/o, bronchi/o | bronchial tube, bronchus |
| Structures of the respiratory system | nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, epliglottis, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs |
| Nose; combining forms & functions | nas/o, exchanges air during inhaling & exhaling; warms, moisturizes, & filters inhaled air |
| Sinuses; combining forms & functions | sinus/o; produce mucus for nasal cavities, make bones of skull lighter, aid in sound production |
| Pharynx; combining forms & functions | pharyng/o; transports air back & forth btw the nose & trachea |
| Larynx; combining forms & functions | laryng/o; makes speech possible |
| Epiglottis; combining forms & functions | epiglott/o; closes off trachea during swallowing |
| Trachea; combining forms & functions | transports air back & forth btw pharynx & bronchi |
| Bronchi; combining forms & functions | bronch/o, bronchi/o; transports air from trachea into the lungs |
| Alveoli; combining forms & functions | air sacs that exchange gases w/ pulmonary capillary blood |
| Lungs; combining forms & functions | pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o; bring oxygen into body, remove carbon dioxide & some water waste from body |
| laryng/o | larynx, throat |
| nas/o | nose |
| ox/i, ox/o, ox/y | oxygen |
| pharyng/o | throat, pharynx |
| phon/o | sound, voice |
| pleur/o | pleura, side of the body |
| -pnea | breathing |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu- | lung, air |
| pulm/o, pulmon/o | lung |
| sinus/o | sinus |
| somn/o | sleet |
| spir/o | to breathe |
| thorac/o, -thorax | chest, pleural cavity |
| trache/o, trachea | windpipe, trachea |
| Functions of respiratory system | deliver air to lungs, convey oxygen to blood, expel waste products through exhalation, produce airflow through larynx for speech |
| respiratory system | supplies blood w/ oxygen for transportation to the cells in all parts of the body |
| This is vital to the survival & function of cells | oxygen |
| respiratory system removes | carbon dioxide & some water waste from body |
| tracts of respiratory system | upper & lower |
| upper respiratory tract | nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, & trachea |
| lower respiratory tract | bronchial tree & lungs located/ protected by thoracic cavity |
| protects lower respiratory tract | thoracic cavity - aka thorax, rib cage |
| airway | upper respiratory tract & bronchial tree of lower respiratory tract |
| Nose parts for respiratory system | nostrils, nasal septum, cilia, mucous membranes, mucus, olfactory receptors |
| Nostrils | external openings of the nose |
| nasal septum | wall of cartilage that divides nose into 2 equal sections |
| septum | wall that separates 2 chambers |
| cilia (nose, respiratory system) | thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris |
| mucous membranes (nose, respiratory system) | specialized tissue that lines the nose |
| mucus (nose, respiratory system) | slippery secretion that protects & lubricates. Helps moisten, warm, & filter air as it enters. |
| Mucous | name of the tissue |
| Mucus | secretion that flows from the tissue |
| olfactory receptors | nerve endings that act as receptors for the sense of smell. Important for taste too. In mucous membrane upper nasal cavity |
| tonsils and adenoids (tonsils, respiratory system) | part of lymphatic system, help protect body from infection coming through nose or mouth |
| palatine tonsils | aka tonsils, located @ back of mouth |
| adenoids | aka nasophayngeal tonsils, higher up behind nose & roof of mount |
| paranasal sinuses | air-filled cavities lined w/ mucous membrane, located in bones of skull. |
| sinus | a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue, although most commonly refers to paranasal sinuses |
| Functions of paranasal sinuses | 1) make skull ligher, 2) help produce sound giving resonance to voice, 3) produce mucus for lubricating tissues of nasal cavity |
| frontal sinuses | located in frontal bone just above eyebrows. Infection causes severe pain in area |
| sphenoid sinuses | located in sphenoid bone behind eye & under pituitary gland, close to optic nerves & infection can damage vision |
| maxillary sinuses | largest of paranasal sinuses, located in maxillary bones under eyes, infection causes pain in posterior maxillary teeth |
| ethmnoid sinuses | located in ethmoid bones btw nose & eyes, irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from orbital cavity by only thin bone |
| pharynx | aka throat, receives air after it passes through nose or mouth, as well as food. |
| 3 divisions of pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| nasopharynx | 1st division, posterior to nasal cavity & continues downward to behind mouth. Transportation of air & opens oropharynx |
| oropharynx | 2nd division, portion visible when looking into moutj, shared by respiratory & digestive, transports air, food, fluids to downward to laryngopharynx |
| laryngopharnyx | 3rd division, shared by respiratory & digestive; air, food, fluids continue downward to esophagus & trachea |
| larnyx | aka voice box, triangular chamber located btw pharynx & trachea |
| larynx protected & supported by | series of 9 separate cartilages |
| thyroid cartilage | largest that protects larynx & when enlarged it projects from the front of the throat & commonly known as Adam's apple |
| Larynx contains | vocal cords that separate when breathing for air to pass, closed during speech |
| Vocal cords producing sound | close together and sound is produced as air is expelled from lungs, causing cords to vibrate against each other |
| protective swallowing mechanisms | soft palate & epiglottis that act automatically during swallowing to ensure only air goes into lungs |
| soft palate | muscular posterior portion of roof of mouth that moves up & backward during swallowing to close off nasopharynx. |
| epiglottis | lid-like structure @ base of tongue, swings downward & closes off laryngopharynx so food does not enter trachea/ lungs |
| trachea | aka windpipe, located directly in front of esophagus, tube that transports air to and from lungs |
| trachea held open | by series of flexible C-shaped cartilage rings that make it possible for trachea to compress so food can pass down esophagus |
| bronchi | 2 large tubes, aka primary bronchi, that branch out from trachea & convey air into 2 lungs. Bronchial tree (upside down tree) |
| bronchioles | within lung, each primary bronchus divides & subdivides into these, the smallest branches of the bronchi |
| alveoli | aka air sacs, very small grapelike clusters found @ end of each bronchiole. Exhange of oxygen & carbon dioxide take place |
| each lung contains millions of these | alveoli |
| during respiration, _______ are filled w/ air from bronchioles | alveoli |
| pulmonary | relating to or affecting the lungs |
| Surround alveoli | network of microscopic pulmonary capillaries |
| the alveoli produce | detergent-like substance (surfactant), which reduces surface tension of fluid in lungs. Makes more stable when exhales |
| premature babies often lack adequate | surfactant |
| lungs | essential organs of respiration, divided into lobes |
| lobe | subdivision or part of an organ |
| right lung | larger that LT and has 3 lobes: upper, middle, lower (superior, middle, inferior) |
| left lung | only has 2 lobes, upper & lower, due to space restrictions b/c heart on that side. |
| mediastinum | middle section of chest cavity located btw lungs. |
| mediastinum contains | connective tissue & organs (heart & its veins/ arteries), esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, lymph nodes |
| pleura | thin, moist, & slippery membrane that covers outer surface of lungs & lines inner surface of thoracic cavity |
| parietal pleura | outer layer of pleura, lines walls of thoracic cavity, covers diaphram, & forms sac containing each lung, attached to chst wall |
| parietal | relating to the walls of a cavity |
| visceral pleura | inner layer of pleura that covers ea lung, attached directly to lungs. |
| visceral | relating to the internal organs |
| pleural cavity | aka pleural space; thin, fluid-filled space btw parietal & visceral pleural membranes. Fluid = lubricant |
| diaphragm | aka thoracic diaphragm, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdomen |
| Contraction & relaxation of this muscle makes breathing possible | diaphragm |
| phrenic nerves | stimulate diaphragm & cause it to contract |
| respiration/ breathing | exhange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life |
| breath | single respiration that consist of one inhale and one exhale |
| ventilation | moving air in & out of lungs |
| inhalation | act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts & pulls downward. Causes thoracic cavity to expand & vacuum draws air into lungs |
| exhalation | act of breathing out, as diaphragm relaxes it moves upward causing cavity to become narrower forcing air out of lungs |
| external respiration | act of bringing air in & out of lungs from outside environment & exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide |
| what happens during external respiration (inhaled) | air inhaled into alveoli & oxygen immediately passes into the surrounding capillaries & carried by RBCs to all body cells |
| what happens during external respiration (exhaled) | at same time as "inhaled" processes, waste product carbon dioxide that has passed into bloodstream transported into air spaces of lungs to be exhaled |
| internal respiration | aka cellular respiration, is exchange of gases w/in cells of blood & tissues |
| Process of internal respiration | oxygen passes from bloodstream into cells, cells give off waste product carbon dioxide which passes into bloodstream which transports waste to lungs where it is expelled |
| otolaryngologist | ENT; ear, nose, throat: physician w/ specialized training in diagnosis & treatment of diseases & disorders of head & neck |
| pulmonologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders of respiratory system |
| thoracic surgeon | performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest including heart, lungs, & esopagus |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | COPD; group of lung diseases which bronchial airflow is obstructed making it difficult to breathe out |
| most commonly caused by long-term smoking | COPD |
| chronic bronchitis | disease which airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke |
| bronch | bronchus |
| what causes the coughing from chronic bronchitis | increase in # & size of mucus-producing cells resulting in excessive mucus production & thickening of the walls of air passeges |
| emphysema | progressive, long-term loss of lung function usually due to smoking. Decrease in total # of aveoli, enlargement of remaining aveoli, destruction |
| breathing w/ emphysema | as aveoli destroyed, breathing becomes increasingly rapid, shallow, & difficult. Overcompensation causes lungs to chronically overinflate & ribs expanded all the time |
| asthma | chronic inflammatory disease of bronchial tubes, triggered by allergic reaction. |
| asthma attack | characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, & wheezing |
| wheezing | breathing sound caused by partially obstructed airway |
| airway inflammation | swelling & clogging of bronchial tubes w/ mucus. Usually occurs after airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens |
| bronchospasm | contraction of smooth muscle in walls of bronchi & bronchioles, tightening & squeezing the airway shut |
| exercise-induced asthma | narrowing of airways that develops after 5-15 minutes of physical exertion |
| common cold | aka, upper respiratory infection, URI, acute nasopharyngitis, can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses, most common human rhinovirus |
| human rhinovirus | most common virus associated w/ common cold |
| allergic rhinitis | aka allergy, allergic reaction to an airborne allergen that causes increased flow of mucus. |
| nonallergic rhinitis | inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication |
| croup | acute respiratory infection in children & infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, & swelling around vocal cords resulting in barking cough & stridor |
| stridor | harsh, high-pitched sound caused by a blockage present when breathing in |
| diptheria | acute bacterial infection of the throat & upper respiratory tract. Toxins can damage heart muscle & peripheral nerves |
| epistaxis | aka nosebleed, bleeding from nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent clotting, or high blood pressure |
| influenza | aka flu, actue highly contagious viral infection: respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, muscle pain |
| pertussis | aka whooping cough, contagious bacterial infection of upper respiratory tract: recurrent bouts of paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness & noisy inspiration. |
| paroxysmal | sudden or spasmlike |
| DPT immunization | given together in childhood against diptheria, pertussis, & tetanus |
| rhinorrhea | aka runny nose, watery flow of mucus from nose |
| sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses |
| pharyngitis | aka sore throat, inflammation of the pharynx, often symptom of cold, flu, or sinus infection. |
| Pharyngitis caused by this bactera | streptococcus |
| laryngospasm | sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx. Sometimes associated with GERD |
| aphonia | loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speedch sounds |
| dysphonia | difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality: hoarseness, weakness, cracking of boy's voice |
| phon | sound or voice |
| laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx, also used to describe loss of voice caused by this inflammation |
| tracheorrhagia | bleeding from mucous membranes of the trachea |
| bronchiectasis | permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection & inflammation |
| -ectasis | stretching or enlarging |
| bronchorrhea | excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi, often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma |
| pleurisy | aka pleuritis, inflammation of the pleura, may result from trauma, tuberculosis, connective tissue disease, or infection |
| pleura | membranes that cover the lungs & line the pleura cavity |
| pleur | pleura |
| isy | noun ending |
| pleurodynia | sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation |
| pleural effusion | excess accumulation of fluid in pleural space. Produces feeling of breathlessness b/c it prevents lung from fully expanding |
| effusion | escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity |
| pyothorax | aka empyema of the pleural cavity, presence of pus in the pleural cavity btw layers of the pleural membrane |
| empyema | refers to a collection of pus in a body cavity |
| hemothorax | collection of blood in the pleural cavity. Condition often results from chest trauma, such as stab wound or from disease/surgery |
| pneumothorax | accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome | ARDS, lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis. Life-threatening |
| sepsis | systemic bacterial infection in bloodstream |
| why is ARDS life-threatening | inflammation in the lungs & fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood. |
| atelectasis | aka collapsed lung, incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of air passages or pneumothorax |
| atel | incomplete |
| pulmonary edema | accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli. Symptom of heart failure |
| edema | swelling |
| pulmonary embolism | sudden blockage of pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region |
| pneumorrhagia | bleeding from the lungs |
| tuberculosis | TB an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks lungs but can affect other parts of body |
| symptoms of TB in lungs | pleurisy and coughing up blood |
| hemoptysis | coughing up blood |
| latent | present but not active |
| multidrug-resistant tuburculosis | dangerous form of the disease that can occur when prescribed drug regimen not strictly followed, rendering insufficient |
| pneumonia | serious inflammation of the lungs which alveoli & air passages fill w/ pus & other fluids |
| pneumonia typically follows... | an infection like cold, flu, chronic illness, or other condition that weakens the immune system & ability to stave off infection |
| 2 types of bacterial pneumonia named for parts of lungs affected | bronchopneumonia & lobar pneumonia |
| bronchopneumonia | localized form that often affects bronchioles, often leads to lobar |
| lobar pneumonia | affects larger areas of lungs, often including 1 or more sections, or lobes. |
| double pneumonia | lobar pneumonia involving both lungs, usually bacterial form |
| Pneumonia's named for causative agent | aspiration, bacterial, community-acquired, hospital-acquired, walking, pneumocystis, viral |
| most common causative agents are: | air pollution, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and inhaled liquid or chemicals |
| aspiration pneumonia | can occur when foreign substance (vomit), is inhaled into lungs |
| aspiration | inhaling or drawing a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract |
| bacterial pneumonia | most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae |
| pneumococcal pneumonia | only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination |
| community-acquired pneumonia | CAP, any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic. Bacterial, viral, or fungal. Most common form - all ages |
| hospital-acquired pneumonia | aka nosocomial pneumonia, contracted during hospital stay. Ventilator patient high risk |
| nosocomial | hospital acquired |
| walking pneumonia | aka mycoplasma pneumonia, milder but longer-lasting form of disease caused by bacteria mycoplasma pneumoniae. Not bedridden |
| pneumocystis pneumonia | opportunistic infection caused by yeast-like fungus pneumocystis carinii |
| viral pneumonia | can be caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approx 1/3 of all pneumonias |
| interstitial lung disease | almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation & scarring of alveoli & supporting structures |
| interstitial | relating to spaces w/in or around a tissue or organ |
| what happens when aveoli become scarred or stiff | reduction of oxygen being transferred to the blood |
| pulmonary fibrosis | aka interstitial fibrosis, progressive formation of scar tissue in lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity & difficulty breathing |
| fibrosis | condition in which normal tissue is replaced by fibrotic tissue |
| fibrotic | hardened |
| Connective tissue diseases that can cause pulmonary fibrosis | rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, lupus |
| pneumoconiosis | any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact |
| coni | dust |
| asbestosis | caused by asbestos particles in the lungs & usually occurs after working w/ asbestos |
| asbest | asbestos |
| silicosis | caused by inhaling silica dust in lungs & occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, & sandblasting |
| silic | glass |
| cystic fibrosis | CF, life-threatening genetic disorder which lungs & pancrease are clogged w/ LG qty's of abnormally thick mucus. |
| CF causes | damage to lungs, poor growth, & nutritional deficiencies |
| CF symptoms | wheezing & persistent cough |
| lung cancer | leading cause of cancer death in US, cancer cells form in tissues of lung. Smoking & 2nd-hand smoke contributing factors |
| breathing disorders | abnormal changes in rate or depth of breathing |
| eupnea | easy or normal breathing, baseline for judging some disorders |
| -pnea | breathing |
| eu- | good |
| apnea | temporary absence of spontaneous respiration, common in premature infants |
| a- | without |
| bradypnea | abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually less than 10 breaths per minute |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower resp or apnea |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration sometimes occurs in these patients: | comatose or nearing death |
| tachypnea | abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 2o breaths per minute |
| dyspnea | aka shortness of breath SOB, difficult or labored breathing, frequently 1 of 1st symptoms of heart failure |
| hyperpnea | commonly associated w/ exertion. breathing that is deeper & more rapid than it is at normal rest. |
| in addition to exertion, hyperpnea may also occur | at high altitudes or be caused by anemia or sepsis |
| hypopnea | shallow or slow respiration |
| hyperventilation | abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated w/ anxiety. |
| hyperventilation causes decrease in level of _______, which causes | carbon dioxide - causes dizziness & tingling in fingers/ toes |
| sleep-related breathing disorders are characterized by: | disruptions of normal breathing patterns that only occur during sleep & assoc w/ higher risks of cardiovascular disease/ strokes |
| sleep apnea | potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops & starts during sleep for periods long enough to cause measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels |
| obstructive sleep apnea | OSA, caused by muscles @ back of throat relaxing & narrowing the airways |
| snoring | symptom of sleep apnea, is noisy breathing caused by vibration of the soft palate |
| expectoration | act of coughing up & spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid |
| expector | to cough up |
| -ation | state or action |
| hemoptysis | expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as result of pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage |
| -ptysis | spitting |
| airway obstruction | aka choking, occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks airway & prevents air from entering/ leaving lungs |
| abdominal thrusts/ Heimlich maneuver | used to remove airway obstructions that are life-threatening |
| anoxia | absence of oxygen from the body's tissues & organs even though adequate flow of blood. More than 4-6 min irreversible damage |
| hypoxia | condition of having deficient oxygen levels in body's tissues & organs but less severe than anoxia |
| hypoxia caused by | variety of factors, including head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation, & high altitudes |
| altitude hypoxia | aka altitude sickness, condition from decreased oxygen in air at higher altitudes, usually above 8K feet |
| asphyxia | loss of consciousness that occurs when body cannot get oxygen it needs to function. |
| asphyxia cane be caused by | choking, suffocation, drowning, or inhaling gases like carbon monoxide |
| asphyxiation | state of asphyxia or suffocation. Life-threatening condition where oxygen levels in blood drop quickly, carbon dioxide levels rise, &unless breathing restored w/in few minutes serious brain damage follows |
| cyanosis | bluish discoloration of the skin & mucous membranes caused by lack of adequate oxygen in blood |
| hypercapnia | abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| capn | carbon dioxide |
| hypoxemia | condition of having low oxygen levels in blood, usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions |
| hyp- | deficient |
| respiratory failure | aka RF, respiratory acidosis, level of oxygen in blood becomes dangerously low or level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high. |
| smoke inhalation | damage to the lungs in which particles from fire coat the alveoli & prevent the normal exchange of gases |
| sudden infant death syndrome | SIDS, sudden unexplainable death of apparently healthy sleeping infant btw 2-6mo. Cause unknown |
| Safe to Sleep | Formerly "back to sleep" campaign recommending infants sleep on back instead of facedown w/ no blankets, pillows, or toys |
| respiratory rate | important vital sign, is the count of the # of breaths per minute - counting as 1 inhalation - 1 exhalation = 1 breath |
| respiratory sounds | rales, rhonchi, & stridor provide info about the condition of the lungs & pleura |
| bronchoscopy | visual exam of bronchi using bronchoscope |
| bronch/o | bronchus |
| bronchoscope | flexible, fiber-optic device passed through nose or mouth & down airways. Used for operative procedures - tissue repair, etc |
| chest x-ray | aka CXR or chest imaging, tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, TB, & emphysema |
| laryngoscopy | visual exam of larynx & vocal cords using flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through mouth |
| indirect laryngoscopy | simpler version of test which larynx is viewed by shining light on an angled mirror held @ back of soft palate |
| peak flow meter | inexpensive handheld device used for patients to measure air flow out of lungs, revealing any narrowing of airways b4 attack |
| polysomnography | aka sleep study, measures physiological activity during sleep & often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing |
| somn/o | sleep |
| pulmonary function tests | PFTs, tests that measure volume & flow of air by using spirometer. Measured against norm for age, height, sex |
| spirometer | recording device that measures amt of air inhaled or exhaled & length of time required for each breath |
| spir/o | to breathe |
| -meter | to measure |
| incentive spironmeter | used to help patients who have recently had surgery keep lungs healthy during recovery |
| emergency tracheotomy | procedure which incision made into trachea to gain access to airway below a blockage |
| trache | trachea |
| -otomy | surgical incision |
| pneumonectomy | surgical removal of all or part of a lung |
| pneumon | lung |
| lobectomy | surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually lung, brain, or liver. |
| wedge resection | surgery in which small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along w/ some healthy tissue around cancer |
| thoracentesis | surgical puncture of chest wall w/ needle to obtain fluid or air from pleural cavity |
| pleural effusion | liquid in pleural cavity |
| pneumothorax | air in pleural cavity |
| thoracotomy | surgical incision into chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment. Access to lungs, heart, esophagus, diaphragm, & other organs |
| video-assisted thoracic surgery | VATS - use of thoracoscope to view inside of pleural cavity through very small incisions |
| thoracoscope | specialized endoscope used for treating the thorax. |
| VATS procedure is for | removing small sections of cancerous tissue to obtain biopsy specimens to diagnose certain types of pneumonia, infections, or tumors of chest wall or treat repeatedly collapsing lungs |
| treatments for cystic fibrosis | pancreatic enzymes, chest percussion |
| pancreatic enzymes | aid digestive system as well as bronchodilators to keep airways open |
| chest percussion | therapeutic technique to remove excess mucus from lungs. Patient positioned @ angle 4 gravity to drain secretions |
| diaphragmatic breathing | aka abdominal breathing, relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety |
| CPAP machine (continuous positive airway pressure) | noninvasive ventilation device used in treatment of sleep apnea. Face mask connected to pump creating constant air pressure in nasal passages, holding airway open. Reduces snoring |
| BiPAP machine (bilevel positive airway pressure) | Can be set higher than CPAP, for inhaling & lower pressure for exhaling. Used w/ neuromuscular disease patients |
| Ambu bag | aka bag valve mask, BVM; emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation. "bagging" |
| ventilator | mechanical device for artificial respiration used to replace/ supplement patient's natural breathing function. Forces air into lungs |
| supplemental oxygen | administered when patient unable to maintain adequate oxygen saturation level in blood from breathing normal air |
| How supplemental oxygen is delivered to patient | nasal cannula, rebreather mask, non-rebreather mask |
| nasal cannula | small tube that divides into 2 nasal prongs |
| rebreather mask | allows the exhaled breath to be partially reused, delivering up to 60% oxygen |
| non-rebreather mask | allows higher levels of oxygen to be added to the air taken in by patient |
| hyperbaric oxygen therapy | HBOT, involves breathing pure oxygen in special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to 3x higher than normal |
| ARDS | acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| CF | cystic fibrosis |
| ETT | endotracheal intubation |
| FESS | functional endoscopic sinus surgery |
| HBOT | hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
| MDI | metered-dose inhaler |
| PFT | pulmonary function tests |
| RF | respiratory failure |
| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome |
| TB | tuberculosis |
| URI | upper respiratory infection |
Created by:
kld0519
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