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Geography #2
Grades 4 to 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gorges | Valleys with steep cliff walls |
| Wetlands | Natural lowlands where the water level stays at or above the land's surface for most of a year |
| Bogs, Marshes, and Swamps | Natural wetlands |
| Erosion | Gradual wearing away of land by the action of wind, water, or glaciers |
| Weathering | Gradual breakdown of rocks by weather, including wind, rain, snow, and changes in temperature |
| Glaciers | Slow-moving sheets of ice found in high mountain valleys and polar regions |
| What percent of Earth's surface is covered by glaciers? | 3% (about six million square miles) |
| Icebergs | Remnants of glaciers floating in the open water |
| Moraines | Rocks and dirt left behind a glacier |
| Oceans | Cover 3/4 or 75% of Earth's surface |
| Which ocean is the largest? | Pacific Ocean |
| Where is the deepest part of the largest ocean? | Mariana Trench (35,800 feet deep) in the Pacific Ocean |
| Ocean Currents | Predictable wind patterns on the surface of the oceans |
| Tsunamis | Surges of water caused by underwater volcanoes and earthquakes |
| Tides | Daily changes in levels of water in oceans and seas |
| What causes the high and low tides on the coasts? | Gravitational attraction of the moon |
| High tide occurs every ___ hours. | 12 |
| Which river is the longest in North America? | MacKenzie (2,640 miles) |
| Which river is the longest in the United States? | Mississippi (2,340 miles) |
| Which river is the longest in South America? | Amazon (4,000 miles) |
| Which river is the longest in Africa? | Nile (4,160 miles) |
| Which river is the longest in Eurasia? | Chiang Jiang [Yangtze] (3,960 miles) |
| Source | Beginning of a river |
| Mouth | End of a river where it empties into a larger body of water |
| Seas | Large bodies of salt or fresh water partly or completely enclosed by land |
| Gulf | Large bodies of ocean or sea water that are partly surrounded by land; bigger than a bay |
| Bay | Large bodies of ocean or sea water that are partly surrounded by land; smaller than a gulf |
| Crater Lake | Water collects in craters left by volcanoes |
| Glacial Lake | Ice from glaciers carves depressions in the landscape; ice melts to form lake |
| Rift Valley Lake | Shifts in plates on Earth's surface form depressions that fill with water |
| Artificial Lake | Lakes created by building dams on rivers or by digging dpressions and filling them with water |
| Atmosphere | Air that surrounds the Earth |
| Exosphere | Border between earth and space (310 miles) |
| Which layer of Earth's atmosphere do satellites revolve? | Exosphere |
| Ionsphere | Part of the thermosphere where electrically charged particles bounce back radio waves beamed up from Earth |
| Thermosphere | Ranges up to 400 miles above the Earth's surface |
| Stratosphere | Contains a layer of icy winds found in a layer of clouds; above the clouds, the air is dry and clear |
| Ozone layer | Found in the stratosphere; this layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun |
| In which layer of Earth's atmosphere do sonic jets like the Concorde fly? | Stratosphere |
| Troposphere | Layer of Earth's atmosphere about 12 miles thick at the Equator and 5 miles thick at the Poles |
| In which layer of Earth's atmosphere are more than 50% of the atmosphere's gases, water vapor, and dust particles? | Troposphere (closest to Earth) |
| Weather | Day-to-day changes in the atmosphere |
| What are the three most important components of weather? | 1. Temperature, 2. Precipitation, and 3. Wind (in that order) |
| Climate | Usual weather in an area over a long period of time |
| Photosynthesis | Process where plants convert sunlight into sugar and starch to sustain the plant |
| Air Pressure | Weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the Earth |
| High Atmospheric Pressure | Usually clear skies and sunny weather |
| Low Atmospheric Pressure | Usually cloudy, rainy (or snowy) weather |
| Ethiopia | Highest annual average temperature on Earth |
| Antarctica | Lowest annual average temperature on Earth |
| Why do cold fronts slide under warm air? | Cold fronts are denser and heavier than warm air. |
| Why do warm fronts go above cold air? | Warm fronts are less dense and lighter than cold air. |
| Stationary Front | Warm and cold fronts meet, but neither front rises or sinks; they just hang together |
| Occluded Front | A warm front gets trapped between cold and cool air. |
| Tropics | Area surrounding the Equator where the sun's rays hit most directly |
| Temperate | Zones above and below the Tropics that receive less direct sun's rays than the Tropics |
| Polar | Zones above and below the Temperate Zones and receive lthe least direct sun's rays |
| Which heats up faster--land or water? | Land |
| Which cools down more slowly--land or water? | Water |
| Wind | Air movement between high and low pressure |
| Why don't winds blow directly north and south? | Rotation of the Earth skews them |
| Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones | Spiraling storms that form over water |
| Occur in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or in the eastern North Pacific near Mexico and Central America | Hurricane |
| Occur in the North Pacific west of the International Date Line near China, Japan, and Southeast Asia | Typhoon |
| Occur in the South Pacific or the Indian Ocean | Cyclone |
| Evaporate | Change from a liquid to a gas |
| What are the 3 states of matter using water? | Solid - ice; Liquid - water; Gas - water vapor |
| Humidity | Amount of moisture in the air |
| What acts as insulation keeping much of the sun from reaching the Earth? | Clouds |
| How does wind affect the ocean and other bodies of water? | Wind creates waves. |
| Earth is divided into ten ___________. | Biomes |
| Topmost layer of leaves and branches in a tropical rain forest biome is called the _________ _________. | Forest Canopy |
| Layer of shrubs and small trees that rise 10 to 50 feet above the floor are called the ___________. | Understory |
| Tree-dwelling | Arboreal |
| What is another name for a tropical grassland biome? | Savanna |
| What are the seasons in a tropical grassland biome? | Dry Season and Wet Season |
| What is another name for a Mediterranean biome? | Chaparral |
| What types of climate are found in a Mediterranean biome? | Because chaparrals are located on the coasts, the winters are cool and moist, but the summers are hot and dry. |
| What types of trees dominate the temperate forest biome? | Deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the fall |
| What is another name for a cool forest biome? | Boreal forests |
| What types of trees dominate the cool forest biome? | Conifers (pine, spruce, hemlock) |
| What is another name for a cool grassland biome? | Prairie |
| Can deserts be cold? | Yes! |
| What qualifies a region as a "desert?" | The region has less than 10 inches of precipitation each year. |
| What type of plants thrive in a desert biome? | Succulents (cacti) |
| Nocturnal | Active only at night |
| Where are cold deserts located on Earth? | Siberia in Russia and much of Antarctica |
| Which biome is too cold for trees to grow? | Tundra |
| During warmer months in the tundra, the ground thaws down to the ______________, | Permafrost (frozen ground that never melts) |
| Which is colder--Antarctica or the Arctic? | Antarctica |
| Areas surrounding the north and south poles | Polar Ice Caps |
| What do dolphins, porpoises, whales and seals all have in common? | Blubber |
| Which side of a mountain biome gets more rainfall? | Windward |
| Which side of a mountain biome gets less rainfall? | Leeward |
| Time needed for a population to increase 100%, or to double | Doubling Time |
| Average number of years people live | Life Expectancy |
| How quickly a population grows each year measured in percent | Population Growth Rate |
| The makeup of a population by age and gender (male or female) | Population Structure |
| The world's population increases by about ____ people every second. | 3 |
| Bar graph that shows the different age groups of a population that shares something in common, such as language, dog ownership, or a school | Population Profile |
| Bar graph that depicts a total population by breaking it down into age groupings and gender | Population Pyramid |
Created by:
marybahner
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