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Integumentary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epidermis develops from the | ectoderm |
| Dermis develops from the | mesoderm |
| Skin contributes to the | regulation of body temperature, sensory perceptions, synthesis of Vitamin D, emotional expression, and serves as reservoir of blood |
| The skin has how many major layers | three |
| The outer, thinner layer of the skin that consists of epithelial tissue is | the epidermis |
| The inner, thicker layer of the skin that consists of connective tissue is | the dermis |
| The subcutaneous layer located underneath the dermis is a | loose areolar/adipose connective tissue that attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs |
| The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelieum which contains four major CELL TYPES known as | keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells |
| Keratinocytes | make up 90% of the cells, produce keratin- a tough fibrous protein that provides protection |
| Melanocytes | produce melanin pigment that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation |
| Langerhans cells | are macrophages that originated in the red bone marrow and are involved in immune responses |
| Merkel cells | function in the sensation of touch along with the other adjacent tactile discs (receptors) |
| The epidermis is composed of four layers in thin skin and five in thick skin which are | stratum basale, stratum spinosum,stratum granulosum, [stratum lucidum], and stratum corneum |
| Stratum basale or stratum germinativum is | always the bottom (deepest) layer where continuous cell division occurs to produce all other layers |
| Stratum spinosum is | a layer of 8-10 keratinocytes |
| Stratum granulosum are | non-diving cells of the third layer that are filled with granules of keratin |
| Stratum lucidum is the | fourth layer that is only present in thick skin of fingertips, palms, and soles |
| Stratum corneumis | always outermost layer composed of 20 layers of flat cell-remnants which are dead keratinocytes filled with keratin protein and no cellular organelles. Continuously shed. |
| Keratinization | is the process of replacing viable cells in the stratum basale with more and more of the waxy keratin protein as cells move from the deepest layer to the surface layer |
| An even thicker buildup of keratinocytes in the stratum corneum after constant friction can produce a | callus |
| An excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp is | dandruff |
| Thin (hairy) skin | covers all body regions except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles. |
| Thick (hairless) skin | covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles |
| Skin pigment produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale is | melanin; eumelanin (brown to black), pheomelanin (yellow to red) |
| Clusters of concentrated melanin triggered by exposure to sunlight are | freckles |
| Rate of melanin production determines | skin color |
| Chronic lesions of the skin that are benign are | nevi; birthmarks or moles |
| Malignant melanoma is a cancer of | melanocytes |
| A chronic disorder that causes depigmentation patches in the skin | Vitiligo |
| Congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to a defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin is | Albinism |
| The dermis is composed of connective tissue containing | collagen and elastic fibers |
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