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A&P 2 Chapter 19-21
Blood, The Heart, Blood & Circulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Know the functions of blood. | transportation of dissolved substances, regulation of pH and ions, restriction of fluid loss at injury site, defense against toxins and pathogens, and stabilization of body temperature |
| Know the characteristics of whole blood. | red, sticky and salty, has a pH 7.4, temperature: 39 degrees C 100.4 degrees F and consists of plasma: formed elements and RBCs |
| The combination of plasma and formed elements is called ______ | whole blood |
| Formed elements makes up what percentage of the blood? | 45% |
| Another name for Red Blood Cells (RBCs)? | erythrocytes |
| Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins? | liver |
| Most abundant plasma protein is? | albumins |
| Which plasma protein is essential in body defense? | immunoglobulins |
| Which plasma protein is responsible for osmotic pressure? | albumin |
| Plasma protein essential for blood coagulation (clotting). | fibrinogen |
| The hormone that regulates red blood cell production is _______ | erythropoietin (EPO) |
| Where does RBC originate in an adult? | red bone marrow |
| Iron is stored or transported by which plasma proteins? | haemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes |
| What would happen to hematocrit or RBC if a person moves from sea level to high altitude? | there is an increase in breathing/heart rate, additional RBCs and capillaries are produced to carry more oxygen and there is an increase in the vascular network of muscles which enhances the transfer of gases |
| What is the cause of sickle cell anemia? | a genetic disorder in which erythrocytes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle shape |
| Know normal hemoglobin rates for males and females | 5-6 liters for males 4-5 liters for females |
| Know the role of kidney in RBC production | it produces the hormone erythropoietin, which regulates blood formation, in turn produces more red blood cells from the hemocytoblast |
| What circumstances would cause erythropoietin levels to increase? | low blood oxygen |
| Know dietary factors that are necessary for RBC production. | iron, protein, vitamins and minerals |
| Know how hemoglobin and its components are recycled. | hemoglobin produced in bone marrow by erythrocytes until destruction. It's broken down in the spleen & its components, iron are recycled to the bone marrow. Other components, heme groups, are broken down into bilirubin for eventual elimination from body |
| What would increase bilirubin levels? | prehepatic jaundice |
| A green bruise on the skin is due to the recycling of ____ | bilirubin |
| Aged or damaged RBC broken down by macrophages in _____ | spleen, liver and bone marrow |
| If someone donates blood, what cells type would you except to increase? | RBCs |
| Know the blood types and the associated antigen and antibodies. | Type, A has antigen A only ,Type B has antigen B only, Type AB has both antigen A and B, and Type O has neither A nor B |
| An allergic reaction would increase which WBC? | monocytes |
| A large phagocytic WBC that spend most of the time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells? | monocytes |
| WBC that releases histamine at site of injury? | basophils |
| An infected wound would typically contain _____ | tissue fluids, dead neutrophils, cellular debris and pus |
| Be able to distinguish the different types of WBCs | neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte and lymphocyte |
| What is the role of platelets? | coagulation, to plug ruptured blood vessels to prevent loss of blood |
| What activates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation? | extrinsic clotting cascade |
| Enzyme that digest fibrin? | plasmin |
| Why is Vitamin K important to the clotting process? | it's essential for forming prothrombin which permits proper clotting of blood |
| What is cardiac tamponade? | compression of the heart caused by fluid collecting in the sac around the heart. Symptoms include: low BP, shortness of breath and lightheadedness |
| Fetal blood flow through the heart was permitted by which structure? | foramen ovale |
| The direct interconnection between arteries is called an arterial _____ | anastomoses |
| What is the purpose of the AV valves? | separate the atria from the ventricles and allows blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles, BUT prevents flow in the opposite direction |
| Which region of thoracic cavity can the heart, thymus, and esophagus occupy? | mediastinum |
| What artery takes blood to the myocardium? | coronary artery |
| Where are the pacemaker cells (SA node) located? | in the upper posterior portion of the right atrial wall of the heart |
| Due to long refractory period in cardiac action potential the cardiac muscle cannot exhibit ______ | tetany |
| Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole? | aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve |
| A heart murmur might be caused by? | aortic valve insufficiency, mitral valve insufficiency, pulmonic valve insufficiency and swirling of blood in the ventricle |
| Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the _____ | medulla oblongata |
| Cardiac output can be increased by? | decreasing end systolic volume, increasing stroke volume, increasing ejection fraction and increasing heart rate |
| Slower than normal heart rate is termed? | bradycardia |
| What could increase blood flow to the tissues? | an increase in blood pressure |
| Which part of the vascular system functions as blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood? | veins |
| Why do people with advanced kidney disease commonly develop anemia? | Because they don't make enough erythropoietin, causing bone marrow to make less RBSs, causing anemia |
| What is the process of RBC maturation? | Day1: proerythroblast Day2: basophilic erythroblast Day3: polychromatophilic erythroblast, Day4: normoblast, ejection of nucleus (enters circulation), mature RBC Day 5-7: reticulocyte |
| What are the characteristics of WBCs? | 1) Neutrophil:50-70%, attack/digest bacteria 2) Eosinophil:2-4%, attack objects coated with antibodies 3)Basophils: less than 1%, migrate to injury site 4) Monocyte:2-8%, aggressive phagocytes 5) Lymphocyte:20-30%, migrate from bloodstream |
| Describe the process (phases) homeostasis | 1) vascular phase: vasoconstriction 2) platelet phase: platelets arrive @ area & form plug 3)coagulation: extrinsic pathway & intrinsic pathway - both activates series of proteins, and X factor which starts the common pathway |
| What are the differences in arteries and veins? | Arteries: carries oxygenated blood away from heart, thick walled, reddish in color, and blood moves with pressure. Veins: carries deoxygenated blood in the heart, thin walled, bluish in color, and moves under very low pressure |
| What is the importance of the continuous movement of water out of the capillaries and back into the bloodstream by way of the lymphatic system? | 1) ensures plasma & interstitial fluid are in constant communication 2) accelerates distribution of nutrients, hormones & dissolved gases throughout tissues 3) assists in transport of insoluble lipids & tissue proteins 4) has a flushing action |
| Know the blood flow through the heart. | superior vena cava>inferior vena cava>right atrium>tricuspid valve>right ventricle>pulmonary valve>pulmonary artery>lungs>left atrium>bicuspid valve>left ventricle>aortic valve>aorta>rest of the body |
| What is the cause of thalessimia anemia? | a decrease in the amount of normal physiologic hemoglobin produced |
| What is the cause of pernicious anemia? | lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body |
| Another name for White Blood Cells (WBCs)? | leukocytes |
| Another name for platelets? | thrombocytes |
Created by:
jnipper
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