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an final
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Synonyms for pelvic bone | Hip bone; pelvis; os coxae; innominate bone |
| Parts of pelvic bone | Ilium; ischium; pubis |
| Superior pelvic bone | Ilium |
| Anterior pelvic bone | Pubis |
| Posterior pubic bone | Ischium |
| Where is here usually a fracture in the pelvic bone? | Acetabulum (where the three parts meet) |
| Name of the joint at acetabulum | Hip joint/ pelvo-femoral joint |
| Biggest muscle in the gluteal region; deep to deep fascia | Gluteus maximus |
| Second layer of muscle in the gluteal region; above gluteus Maximus | Gluteus medius |
| Most anterior to most posterior muscles of gluteal region | Superior gemellus; obturator internus; inferior gemellus; obturator externus; quadratus femoris |
| Which nerve passes through all gluteal muscles | Sciatic nerve |
| What is in the superior stump | Superior gluteal neurovascular bundle |
| What makes up the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle | Superior gluteal artery, nerve and vein |
| What is the top boundary of the piriformis | Superior stump |
| What is the inferior boundary of the piriformis | Inferior stump |
| What 5 structures are included in the inferior stump | 1. Inferior gluteal artery; 2. Inferior gluteal nerve; 3. Inferior gluteal vein; 4. Sciatic nerve; 5. Pudendal neurovascular bundle (pudendal artery, vein and nerve) |
| What are the two sets of powerful ligaments in the gluteal region | Sacrotuberus and sacrospinous ligaments |
| Which nerve comes out medial to the inferior stump ( but is not part of inferior stump) | Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve |
| What is the iliotibial tract? | IT band; thickened fascia lata; lateral |
| Name the hamstrings (4 muscles) | Semitendinosus; semimembranosus; long head of biceps femoris; posterior portion of adductor Magnus |
| All hamstrings are innervated by | Tibial nerve |
| Which muscle is deep to the hamstrings | Adductor magnus |
| What is the hole/opening in the back of the knee that punctures the adductor magnus called? | Adductor hiatus |
| What goes through the adductor hiatus? | Popliteal artery and vein |
| Where does the sciatic nerve split | Before the popliteal fossa |
| What does the sciatic nerve split into | Tibial and fibular nerves |
| Where does the tibial nerve continue to | Posterior leg |
| What direction does the fibular nerve go | Laterally |
| Where does the fibular nerve split | At the head of the fibula |
| What does the fibular nerve split into | Superficial and deep fibular nerves |
| What does the superficial fibular nerve supply | Two muscles of the lateral leg (fibular is longus and brevis) |
| What does the deep fibular nerve supply | All muscles of the anterior leg |
| When it gets to the anterior leg, the deep fibular nerve travels side by side with | Anterior tibial artery (which creates a sheath) |
| Anterior tibial artery is a branch of | the popliteal artery |
| The fibular nerve supplies muscle that (do what action) | Extend the foot |
| If the fibular nerve is damaged, what may happen? | Person can lose balance because nerve helps with angle of joints |
| What is the superolateral boundary of popliteal fossa? | Biceps femoris |
| What is the supermedial boundary of popliteal fossa? | Semimebranosus |
| What are the inferiolateral and inferiomedial boundaries of popliteal fossa? | Lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius (respectively) |
| Superficial group of muscles of the posterior leg called | Calf muscles |
| What muscles make up the calf muscle group (superficial posterior leg)? | Gastrocnemius (2 heads); plantaris; soleus |
| What do the three calf muscles form when they fuse together? | Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon; attached to heel/calcaneus of bone |
| Name the muscles (most medial to most lateral) of the deep group of posterior leg muscles | Popliteal (above all the rest); flexor digitorum longus; tibialis posterior; flexor hallucis longus |
| What is the name of the shiny surface you see after cutting the fat of the plantar foot? | Plantar aponeurosis |
| What is inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis called? | Plantar fascitis |
| How many layers of muscles are in the plantar foot | Four |
| Name the muscles of the first layer of the plantar foot | Abductor hallucis; flexor digitorum brevis; abductor digiti minimi |
| Name the muscles of the second layer of the plantar foot | Quadratus plantae; lumbricals |
| Name the muscles of the third layer of the plantar foot | Flexor hallucis brevis; adductor hallucis(transverse and oblique); flexor digiti minimi brevis |
| Name the muscles of the fourth layer of the plantar foot | Plantar interossei (3 muscles); dorsal interossei (4 muscles) |
| How does the tibial nerve travel after it enters the plantar foot? | Travels on the medial side between two bones (medial malleolus and calcaneus) |
| What does the tibial nerve split into | Medial plantar and lateral plantar nerves |
| Name the structures in the plantar foot from lateral to medial (2 tendons, one muscle, nerve, artery, vein) | Tibialis posterior tendon; flexor digitorum longus; posterior tibial artery; posterior tibial veins; tibial nerve; flexor hallucis long is tendon |
| What are two nerves in the second layer of the plantar foot | Medial and lateral plantar nerves |
| What main movements do the anterior thigh muscles produce | Flexion of the hip; extension of the knee |
| What are the muscles of the anterior thigh | Sartorius; tensor fascia lata; iliopsoas; quadriceps femoris |
| What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris | Recurs femoris; vastus lateralis; vastus medialis; vastus intermedius |
| What do the quadriceps femoris muscles become | Quadriceps tendon |
| What muscle group is on the medial aspect of the thigh | Adductor group |
| Which muscles make up the adductor group | Adductor longus; adductor brevis; adductor Magnus (anterior portion); gracious; obturator externus; pectineus |
| What is the most prominent bone of the anterior leg | Tibia |
| Muscles of the anterior leg, medial to lateral | Tibialis anterior; extensor hallucis longus; extensor digitorum longus; fibularis tertius |
| Where is the deep fibular nerve located? | Deep to the tibialis anterior |
| What are the two intrinsic muscles of the dorsal foot | Extensor digitorum brevis; extensor hallucis brevis |
| What are the extrinsic muscles of the dorsal foot | Extensor digitorum longus; extensor hallucis longus; fibularis tertius |
| What is the superior boundary of the anterior thigh | Anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, with inguinal ligament |
| What region/area is right above the anterior superior iliac spine | Pelvic cavity |
| Which structure comes from the pelvic cavity and emerges in the anterior thigh | Iliopsoas |
| What are the muscles of the anterior thigh from lateral to medial | Fasciae latae; Tensor fasciae latae; Iliopsoas; Quadriceps femoris; Pectineus (half innervated by femoral nerve); Adductor group |
| Which nerve innervates the adductor group | Obturator nerve |
| Near the pectineus what sheath do you see | Femoral artery and vein |
| How does the femoral artery travel | Comes from the pelvic cavity; punctures area by vastus medialis; emerges posteriorly as popliteal artery |
| The knee joint is made up of these two joints | Femorotibial and femoropatellar joints |
| How does the quadriceps tendon run | Inserts on the patella and continues to tibial tuberosity; sits on top of femoropatellar joint |
| What is the function of the patella? | The patella needs to be there for extension; it provides a mechanical advantage for the quadriceps femoris because it increases the angle of extension (like a lever) |
| What does the femorotibial joint provide (action) | Flex ion; it is a weight-bearing joint |
| What is the knee joint composed of (structures) | Ligaments (external and internal); Bone (medial and lateral condyles which sit on the medial and lateral tibial plateaus; bursae |
| What is inflamed bursa of the knee called | Housemaid's knee |
| What are the external collateral ligaments of the knee | Medial and lateral collateral ligaments (aka fibular- lateral; tibial- medial); oblique popliteal ligament |
| What is the medial/tibial collateral ligament attached to | The medial meniscus |
| Internal ligaments of the knee include | ACL and PCL; short internal collateral ligament |
| What is the upper boundary of the femoral triangle | Inguinal ligament |
| What is the medial boundary of the femoral triangle | Adductor longus |
| What is the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle | Sartorius |
| What is the clinical significance of the femoral triangle | It contains neurovascular structures; a femoral hernia can occur here |
| How does the sciatic nerve travel | It emerges in the gluteal region deep to the piriformis and traverses the gluteal region but does not innervated muscles there; then goes to posterior thigh, before it goes to the back of the knee it breaks off, then goes to the back of the foot |
| The sciatic nerve splits into what before it goes into the posterior leg | Fibular nerve on the lateral side (superficial and deep) |
| The sciatic nerve continues as what nerve in the posterior leg | Tibial nerve |
| When the tibial nerve goes to the back of the foot, how does it travel | Goes between the calcaneus and medial malleolus; travels together with the TDAH group and supplies all the muscles of the toes |
| The short head of the biceps femoris is supplied by | the fibular nerve |
| The hamstrings are supplied by the | Tibial nerve |
| What two parts does the fibular nerve split into | Superficial and deep |
| What does the superficial fibular nerve supply | The two muscles of the lateral leg- fibularis longus and brevis |
| What does the deep part of the fibular nerve supply | All muscles of the anterior leg |
| Which muscles do the superior and inferior gluteal nerves supply | All gluteal muscles except the obturator and quadratus femoris |
| What is the main action of the anterior muscles of the leg | Dorsiflex the foot |
| All of the following invert the foot except one: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius. Which one everts? | Fibularis tertius |
| What are the posterior thigh blood vessels | Popliteal artery and vein |
| From where do the posterior thigh blood vessels emerge | Adductor hiatus |
| What are the branches of popliteal artery that supply the posterior and anterior leg | Posterior tibial and anterior tibial artery (respectively) |
| How does the femoral artery travel | It gives off a branch, continues to the anterior leg until it travels down and punctures area of vastus medialis and emerges posteriorly through the adductor Magnus (where the name changes to popliteal artery) |
| Which nerve is related to the action of the Achilles' tendon reflex | Vestibular nerve |
| How does the medial collateral ligament travel? | The MCL runs medial from the medial femoral epicondyle and it insets in the tibia by the tibial tuberosity |
| What is the function of the MCL? | It prevents abduction of the knee |
| If the MCL is torn, name what will happen to the person | Will have passive abnormal abduction of the extended leg |
| Where does the MCL lie in relation to the axes of flexion and extension? | Posterior to the axes |
| Is the MCL taut (tight) or loose during extension? | Taut; this limits leg extension |
| How does the lateral/fibular collateral ligament (LCL) run? | Runs from lateral femoral epicondyle and inserts in the fibular head |
| Function of the LCL? | Prevents adduction of the leg at the knee |
| A tear in the LCL is recognized as | Passive abnormal adduction of the extended leg |
| How does the ACL anterior cruciate ligament run? | Runs from anterior tibia; passed the intercondylar eminence on its way to the lateral femoral condyle within the intercondylar notch (where it inserts); ligament runs posterolateral |
| What is the relationship of the LCL and ACL in terms of location? | They are perpendicular to one another |
| Which is shorter: ACL or PCL | ACL slightly shorter |
| ACL function | Helps to stabilize the knee joint; prevents posterior movement of the femur on the tibial plateau |
| Tear in ACL is called | Anterior drawer sign; abnormal passive displacement of the tibia anteriorly |
| How does the posterior cruciate ligament travel | Runs from the posterior tibia by the intercondylar eminence and inserts on the medial femoral condyle |
| Function of the PCL | Key stabilizer of the knee; checks anterior movement of the femur on tibial plateau; prevents femur from sliding forward; prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint |
| Torn PCL referred to as | Posterior drawer sign; abnormal passive posterior displacement of the tibia |
| The knee is made stable by | Internal and external ligaments |
| Dynamic stability generally includes which muscle group | Rotator cuff |
| What is a combined knee injury called | Unhappy triad |
| What is damaged in an unhappy triad | ACL is torn; medial meniscus damaged; medial collateral ligament torn |
| What is the labrum of acetabulum | Fibrocartilage that lies within the acetabulum itself; creates a cushion for the head of the femur |
| What ligament runs across the space where the acetabular notch is | Transverse acetabular ligament |
| Which ligament provides a pathway for an artery to travel to bring nutrients to the head and neck of the femur | Ligamentum teres |
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