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Respiratory System
Respiratory System Vocab Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Respiratory System Organs | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
| Respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere, blood and cells |
| Respiratory Functions | carbon dioxide out and oxygen in, protects the surface of the lungs, trachea from dehydration, temp changes and pathogens; produces sounds needed for speech, aids the sense of smell |
| Membranes and Cavities | Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities; separated by the diaphragm; the walls are covered by parietal pleura; the organs' surface is covered with visceral pleura |
| Thoracic Cavity | most of the respiratory organs are located here; left and right lung and surrounding pleura on each side of cavity; contains the mediastinum |
| Mediastinum | the area between the lungs in the chest cavity that contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus and bronchi |
| Visceral Pleura | covers the surface of organs, such as the lungs; portion of the pleura that is closest to the internal organs |
| Parietal Pleura | covers the walls of the respiratory cavities; portion of the pleura that is closest to the ribs |
| External Nares | openings into the nose; choana(e): link from external nares to nasopharynx |
| Internal Nares | connect nose and pharynx; functions: warm and moisturize air, smell, speech tone |
| Olfactory Receptors | located in the Superior Meatus |
| Turbinate Bones | Superior, Middle and Inferior Meatus |
| The nasal and oral cavity are separated by | the bony hard palate and the soft palate made of cartilage |
| Nasal Cavity is divided at | the midline by nasal septum; made up of ethmoid, vomer bone and septal cartilage |
| Sinuses | empty spaces in the nasal cavity, lighten the skull, act as resonance chamber for speech, produce mucus |
| Paranasal Sinuses | Interosseous spaces named after the bones that create them; maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid; assist in respiration by warming and moistening inspired air |
| Nasal Chonchae | curled bone shelves that force air flow over the largest surface area of cilia possible |
| Nasophyarynx | where air exits the nasal cavity; internal nares and Eustachian tubes |
| Pharynx | passageway for food, air and resonating chamber for speech; divisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
| Oropharynx | connection to mouth (fauces) |
| Laryngopharynx | connects with esophagus and larynx |
| Larynx | voice box; connects the pharynx with the trachea; directly below the epiglottis |
| Thyroid Cartilage | largest supporting cartilage for larynx; Adam's apple |
| Epiglottis | prevents food and liquids from entering trachea |
| Cricoid | connects with first tracheal ring |
| Arytenoid | attach to vocal cords and laryngeal muscles |
| Corniculate and Cuneiform | connect epiglottis to arytenoid cartilage |
| Glottis | opening over true vocal cords; sound-producing apparatus of the larynx; consisting of 2 vocal folds and the intervening space |
| Trachea | windpipe; connects the larynx with the bronchi; lined with C-shaped rings of cartilage for support; lined with pseudo-stratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells; smooth muscle and connective tissue |
| Cilia | hairlike projections on the mucous membranes, sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination |
| Bronchi | are formed by the division of the trachea; continue to subdivide: primary bronchi to secondary bronchi to tertiary bronchi to bronchioles |
| Lung | along with heart occupies most of thoracic cavity; apex of lung is near the clavicle, base rests on diaphragm; each lung is divided into lobes; RL has 3 lobes; LL has 2 lobes |
| Pleural Membrane | encloses and protects lungs; Parietal Pleura (outer), Visceral Pleura (inner), Pleural Cavity (btwn pleura, prevents friction) |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of parietal pleura |
| Alveoli | small air-filled sacs where bronchioles end; lined with a layer of simple squamous epithelium, followed by capillaries |
| External Respiration (breathing) | exchange gases between lungs and blood |
| Internal Respiration | exchange of gases between blood and body cells |
| Intercostal Nerves | arise from T1-T11 spinal nerve roots to innervate internal and external intercostal muscles |
| Phrenic Nerve | bilateral mixed nerve that arises primarily from C3-C5; "keeps diaphragm alive |
| Cellular Respiration | = respiration proper |
| Croup | a common in young children; tends to occur in fall and winter; barking cough; raspy, hoarse voice; a harsh, crowing noise when breathing in |
| Laryngitis | inflammation of voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation or infection; dysphonia (hoarseness), aphonia, cough, difficulty swallowing |
| Pertussis (whooping cough) | highly contagious respiratory disease, caused by bacterium Bordetella pertussis; known for uncontrollable, violent coughing; can be deadly in less than 1 year of age |
| Pharyngitis | usually caused by virus, also can be bacteria infection, strep throat-group A streptococcus, sore throat is typical |
| Sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses, thick nasal mucus, plugged nose and pain in the face, can be caused by infection, allergies, air pollution or structural problems in the nose; treatment includes abx, decongestants, analgesics |
| Tonsillitis | inflammation of tonsils, rapid onset, type of pharyngitis; sore throat, fever, enlarged tonsils, trouble swallowing, large lymph nodes; peritonsillar abscess; tonsillectomy |
| Restrictive Lung Disease | inhale; restrict lung expansion, resulting in decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation |
| Obstructive Lung Disease | exhale; category of respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction; asthma, bronchiectasis, bronchitis and COPD |
| Asthma | severe attack of difficult breathing accompanied by wheezing caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane |
| COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) | includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, causes serious long-term disability and early death, main cause is smoking |
| COPD Symptoms | chronic cough, SOB, frequent respiratory infections, blueness of lips or fingernails beds, fatigue, producing a lot of mucus, wheezing |
| Exacerbation | an acute change in a patient's baseline dyspnea, cough, or sputum that is beyond normal variability and that is sufficient to warrant a change in therapy |
| COPD Diagnosis | Spirometry, CXR, Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) |
| Spirometry | blow air into a mouthpiece and tubing attached to a small machine. |
| CXR | hyperinflation |
| Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) | measures the oxygen level in your blood |
| COPD Treatment | oxygen and ventilation, Bronchodilators: inhalers, Corticosteroids, Antibiotics |
| Emphysema | involves gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically thinning and destruction of the alveoli or air sacs |
| Chronic Bronchitis | inflammation and swelling of the lining of the airways, leading to narrowing and obstruction |
| Empyema | known as pyothorax or purulent pleuritis, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity |
| Lung Abscess | type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection; pus filled cavity often caused by aspiration |
| Bronchiectasis | permanent enlargement of bronchus or bronchi, result of chronic inflammation compounded by an inability to clear mucoid secretions; Cystic Fibrosis is a cause in up to half of cases; CT to confirm diagnosis |
| Bronchiectasis Symptoms and Treatment | frequent bronchial infections and breathlessness; controlling infections and bronchial secretions, relieving airway obstructions, removal of affected portions of lung |
| Bronchogenic carcinomas | lung cancer; small cell lung cancers (SCLC) and non-small lung cancers (NSCLC) |
| Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) | comprises about 10%-15% of lung cancers; most aggressive and rapidly growing; strongly related to smoking |
| Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) | most common lung cancer; about 85% of all cases; 3 main types: Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma |
| Adenocarcinomas | most common type of NSCLC, comprise up to 40%, seen in non-smokers--especially women, better prognosis than other types |
| Squamous Cell Carcinomas | account for 25% - 30%, arise most frequently in the central chest area in the bronchi |
| Large Cell Carcinomas | sometimes referred to as undifferentiated carcinomas, least common type of NSCLC, accounts for 10%-15%, high tendency to spread to the lymph nodes and distant sites |
| Pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses and chemical irritants |
| Pneumonia Signs and Symptoms | productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, trouble breathing |
| Bacterial Pneumonia | most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with Streptococcus pneumonia isolated in nearly 50% of cases |
| Viral Pneumonia | adults, viruses account for approx. a third and in kids for about 15% of cases, commonly implicated agents include rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza virus, RSV, adenovirus and parinfluenza |
| Pleural Effusion | is excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs; can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs |
| Pneumothorax | accumulation of air in the pleural space and commonly called a "collapsed lung" |
| Pulmonary Edema | fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs; leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure, can lead to fatal respiratory distress or cardiac arrest due to hypoxia |
| Pulmonary Edema Causes | Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema and NonCardiogenic Pulmonary Edema |
| Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | CHF and Hypertensive crisis |
| Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | an injury to the lung parenchyma or vasculature of the lung; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) |
| Pulmonary Edema Treatment | Improve respiratory function, treat underlying cause, avoid further damage to lung |
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | medical condition occurring in critically ill patients; widespread inflammation in the lungs; triggered by trauma, pneumonia and sepsis |
| Pulmonary Embolism | blockage of the artery in the lungs by a thrombus that has traveled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream; chest pain, SOB, coughing up blood |
| Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis and Treatment | Blood test, Doppler for leg DVT, CT; anticoagulation, insertion of IVC filter |
| Cor Pulmonale | condition that causes the right side of the heart to fail; long-term high blood pressure in the arteries of the lung and right ventricle can lead to this |
| Bronchoscopy | examination of the interior of the bronchi using a lighted, flexible tube known as a bronchoscope (or endoscope) |
| Chest X-Ray | use of high energy electromagnetic waves passing through the body onto a photographic film to produce a picture of the internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapy |
| Laryngoscopy | examination of the interior of the larynx using a lighted, flexible tube known as a laryngoscope (or endoscope) |
| Nuclear Perfusion Lung Scan | the visual imaging of the distribution of ventilation or blood flow in the lungs by scanning the lungs after the patient has been injected with or has inhaled radioactive material |
| Sputum Specimen | specimen of material expectorated from the mouth |
| Thoracentesis | use of needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space |
| Tonsillectomy | surgical removal of the palatine tonsils |
Created by:
wallace263
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