Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Blood
| The Cardiovascular System consists of | heart, blood vessels, blood |
| the heart is also know as | the pump |
| blood vessels are know as the ________ system | conducting |
| blood is known as what | fluid medium |
| blood is a ____________ fluid of ____________ tissue | specialized , connective |
| blood contains _____ suspended in a fluid _________ | cells, matrix |
| what is blood primary functions | provides cells with nutrients & oxygen remove waste products transport cells that defend tissues from infection and disease |
| 5 important functions of blood | transport, regulation, restriction, defense, stabilization |
| Blood transports | dissolved substances |
| blood regulates | pH and ions |
| blood restricts | fluids losses at injury sites |
| blood defends against | toxins and pathogens |
| blood stabilize | body temperature |
| Blood is: | a specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix. (Martini 653) |
| the heart circulates the | fluid and a series of conducting hoses (the blood vessels) that carry it throughout the body |
| Normal temperature of blood is | 100.4 degrees/ 38 Celsius |
| Blood has a | high viscosity |
| Blood is slightly | alkaline pH (7.35- 7.45) |
| blood average alkaline pH level is | 7.4 |
| Blood volume is how much of body weight | 7% |
| male adult has how many liters of blood | 5-6 |
| female adult has how many liters of blood | 4-5 |
| normal blood volume is | 5 liters |
| whole blood consists of | plasma and formed elements |
| what percentage of blood is plasma | 55% |
| What percentage of blood is formed elements | 45% |
| Plasma is made up of | water, dissolved plasma proteins, other solutes |
| formed elements is made up of | all cells and solids |
| what percentage of plasma is water | 92% |
| ___% of formed elements are red blood cells | 99.9% |
| blood alkaline pH level is beyween | 7.35-745 |
| Identify the composition of the formed elements in blood. | Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| Why is venipuncture a common technique for obtaining a blood sample? | superficial veins are easy to locate, the walls of veins are thinner than those of arteries, and blood pressure in veins is relatively low, so the puncture wound seals quickly. |
| what dissolved proteins are mostly found in plasma | albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen |
| albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen make up what percent of plasma proteins | 99% |
| albumins is __% of plasma proteins | 60 |
| globulins is __% of plasma proteins | 35 |
| fibrinogen is __% of plasma proteins | 4 |
| Albumins | Transports substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and some steroid hormones |
| Globulins | Comprised of antibodies and transport globulins |
| Fibrinogen | Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin |
| Other Plasma Proteins is __% of plasma proteins | 1 |
| Other Plasma Proteins | Changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins |
| what are Three Types of Formed Elements | red blood cells/erythrocytes, white blood cells, platelets |
| red blood cells are also known as | erythrocytes |
| white blood cells are also known as | leukocytes |
| The liver synthesizes and releases more than __% of plasma proteins | 90 |
| what can be used to increase blood volume temporarily, over a period of hours | Plasma expanders |
| Isotonic electrolyte solutions such as normal (physiological) saline can be used as | Plasma expanders |
| What would be the effects of a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins in the blood? | lower plasma osmotic pressure, reduce the ability to fight infection, and decrease the transport and binding of some ions, hormones, and other molecules. |
| Which specific plasma protein would you expect to be elevated during a viral infection? | immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood to be elevated. |
| immunoglobulins are also known as | antibodies |
| give whole blood its deep red color because | they contain the red pigment hemoglobin |
| hemoglobin | binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| The heaviest of the formed elements | RBC |
| Small and highly specialized discs | RBC |
| Thin in middle and thicker at edge | RBC |
| Three Important Effects of RBC Shape on Function | High surface-to-volume ratio, disc form stacks & bend and flex |
| RBC have a high surface-to-volume ratio because they | Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen |
| Discs form stacks called | rouleaux |
| discs from stacks because it | Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels |
| Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries because | 7.8-µm RBC passes through 4-µm capillary |
| A single drop of whole blood contains approximately ____ million RBC | 260 |
| The blood of an average adult has | 25 trillion RBCs |
| The percentage of a blood sample that consists of formed elements (most of which are red blood cells) is known as the | hematocrit |
| The red pigment that gives whole blood its color | hemoglobin |
| Protein molecule in RBCs that binds and transports respiratory gases | hemoglobin |
| Normal hemoglobin of an adult male | 14-18 g/dL whole blood |
| Normal hemoglobin of an adult female | 12-14 g/dL whole blood |
| Whole blood contains about ______ red blood cells for each white blood cell. | 1000 |
| hematocrit increases during dehydration due to | reduction in plasma volume |
| hematocrit decreases as a result of | internal bleeding or problems with RBC formation |
| RBC is a _________ disc with a thin central region and a thicker outer margin | biconcave |
| RBC lifespan | 120 days |
| RBC do not preform ________ to themselves | repairs |
| Each heme contains __ iron ion | 1 |
| Hemoglobin Structure Contains four ribbon-like protein chains called | globins |
| Iron ions Associate easily with | oxygen |
| iron ions dissociate easily from | oxygen |
| 2.5 million RBCs are destroyed who often | every second |
| blood that contains RBCs filled with ____________ is bright red | oxyhemoglobin, HbO2 |
| A hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen is called | deoxyhemoglobin |
| Blood containing RBCs filled with ______________ is dark red—almost burgundy. | deoxyhemoglobin |
| Low oxygen levels | hypoxia |
| Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) induce the production of a protein called | erythropoietin |
| ____________ is responsible for the increased production of RBCs in the bone marrow | Erythropoietin |
| About ___% oxygen carried by the blood is bound to Hb molecules inside RBCs. | 98.5 |
| Each RBC contains about ____ million Hb molecules. | 280 |
| ____ Hb molecule contains _____ heme units | 1, 4 |
| What are 2 of the best known inherited hemoglobin disorders? | thalassemia and sickle cell anemia |
| Hemopoiesis is | The production of blood |
| Tissues that produce blood cells are called | hemopoietic tissues |
| ematocrit is low or the Hb content of the RBCs is reduced, a condition known as | Anemia |
| Anemia interferes with | oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues |
| An RBC is exposed to severe | mechanical stresses |
| A single round trip from the heart, through the peripheral tissues, and back to the heart usually takes | less than one minute |
| wear and tear and no repair mechanisms, a typical RBC has a short life span after it travels about 700 miles in | 120 days |
| when damage is detected by _______ of the spleen, liver, and red bone marrow, which engulf the RBC | phagocytes |
| Lymphatic tissue produce only | Lymphocytes |
| All blood cells can trace their beginnings to | stem cells |
| ____________ of the spleen, liver, and red bone marrow play a role in recycling red blood cell components. | Macrophages |
| When abnormally large numbers of RBCs break down in the bloodstream, urine may turn red or brown. This condition is called | hemoglobinuria |
| The presence of intact RBCs in urine | hematuria |
| hematuria occurs only after | kidney damage or damage to vessels along the urinary tract |
| An orange-yellow pigment released into the bloodstream binds to albumin and is transported to the liver for excretion in bile. | bilirubin (bil-i-ROO-bin) |
| yellow skin and eyes is called | jaundice |
| Red bone marrow is also known as | myeloid tissue |
| Red bone marrow is located | in portions of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scapulae, pelvis, and proximal limb bones |
| four days of differentiation, the erythroblast, now called a normoblast, sheds its nucleus and becomes a | reticulocyte |
| For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the red bone marrow needs adequate supplies of | amino acids, iron, and vitamins |
| Describe hemoglobin | protein composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule, which gives red blood cells the ability to transport oxygen in the blood. |
| How would the hematocrit change after an individual suffered a significant blood loss? | the amount of formed elements mostly red blood cells as a percentage of the total blood—would be reduced. |
| if there is a blockage in renal arteries that restricts blood flow to the kidneys. What effect will this have on his hematocrit? | hematocrit will increase, because reduced blood flow to the kidneys triggers the release of erythropoietin, which stimulates an increase in erythropoiesis |
| In what way would a disease that causes damage to the liver affect the level of bilirubin in the blood? | Bilirubin would accumulate in the blood, producing jaundice, because diseases that damage the liver, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, impair the liver’s ability to excrete bilirubin in the bile. |
| White Blood Cells (WBCs) Also called | leukocytes |
| White Blood Cells (WBCs) do not have | hemoglobin |
| White Blood Cells (WBCs) have | Have nuclei and other organelles |
| WBC Defend against | pathogens |
| WBC remove | toxins and waste |
| WBC attack | abnormal cells |
| Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells lack | hemoglobin |
| Most of the WBCs in the body at any moment are in | connective tissue proper or in organs of the lymphatic system |
| WBC use the bloodsteam to travel | from one organ to another |
| WBC use the blood stream for ________ ___________ to areas of infection or injury. | rapid transportation |
| WBC can detect chemical signs of | damage to surrounding tissues |
| When WBC detects problems they ______ ____ ___________ and enter the damaged area | leave the bloodstream |
| Circulating WBCs have four characteristics: | 1. All Can Migrate Out of the Bloodstream. 2.All Are Capable of Amoeboid Movement 3. All Are Attracted to Specific Chemical Stimuli 4. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Monocytes Are Capable of Phagocytosis |
| When WBCs in the bloodstream are activated, they contact and adhere to the vessel walls in a process called | margination |
| a gliding motion made possible by the flow of cytoplasm into slender cellular processes extended in the direction of movement | Amoeboid movement or amoeba |
| Attracted to Specific Chemical Stimuli. | positive chemotaxis |
| Types of WBCs | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes |
| Neutrophils are ____% - ____% of circulating WBC | 50-70 |
| This WBC is very active, first to arrive at injury site and attack bacteria | Neutrophil |
| This WBC engulfs and digests pathogens | Neutrophil |
| This WBC forms pus | Neutrophil |
| This WBC short life span (30 minutes – 10 hours) | Neutrophil |
| This WBC is less than 4% of circulating WBC | Eosinophils |
| This WBC attacks large parasites | Eosinophils |
| This WBC excretes toxic compounds | Eosinophils |
| This WBC Sensitive to allergens | Eosinophils |
| This WBC Controls inflammation with enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells | Eosinophils |
| This WBC is 1% of circulating WBC | Basophils |
| This WBC accumulate in damaged tissue | Basophils |
| This WBC releases histamine which dilates blood vessels | Basophils |
| This WBC releases heparin which prevents blood clotting | Basophils |
| This WBC 2-8% of circulating WBC | Monocytes |
| This WBC large and spherical | Monocytes |
| This WBC enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages | Monocytes |
| This WBC engulfs large particles and pathogens | Monocytes |
| This WBC secretes substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured area | Monocytes |
| This WBC is 20-40% of circulating WBC | Lymphocytes |
| This WBC larger than RBCs | Lymphocytes |
| This WBC migrate in and out of blood | Lymphocytes |
| This WBC mostly in connective tissues and lymphoid organs | Lymphocytes |
| This WBC are part of the body’s specific defense system | Lymphocytes |
| Three Classes of Lymphocytes | T cells, B cells , Natural killer (NK) cells |
| Cell-mediated immunity | T cells |
| Attack foreign cells directly | T cells |
| Humoral immunity | B cells |
| Differentiate into plasma cells | B cells |
| Synthesize antibodies | B cells |
| Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers) | Natural killer (NK) cells |
| Leukopenia | Abnormally low WBC count |
| Leukocytosis | Abnormally high WBC count |
| Leukemia | Extremely high WBC count |
| NEUtrophils are the most | NUmerous of the white blood cells |
| A MONnocyte is the _______ ___that engulfs debris and pathogens | MONster cell |
| Tip to remember the types of WBC: Never Let Monkey Eat Bananas | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils |
| Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut? | An infected cut, will have a large number of neutrophils, these phagocytic WBCs are the 1st to arrive at the site of an injury. |
| Which type of cell would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus? | during a viral infection elevated numbers of lymphocytes, B lymphocytes produce circulating antibodies. |
| How do basophils respond to an injury? | releasing chemicals, including histamine and heparin. Histamine dilates blood vessels and heparin prevents blood clotting. release other chemicals that attract eosinophils and other basophils to the area. |
| Platelets in nonmammalian vertebrates are nucleated cells called | thrombocytes |
| Cell fragments involved in human clotting system | platelets |
| Circulate for 9-12 days | platelets |
| Are removed by the spleen | platelets |
| 2/3 are reserved for emergencies | platelets |
| Platelet Counts | 150,000 to 500,000 per microliter |
| Thrombocytopenia | Abnormally low platelet count |
| Thrombocytosis | Abnormally high platelet count |
| Three Functions of Platelets | Release important clotting chemicals Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls Reduce size of a break in vessel wall |
| Platelet production | thrombocytopoiesis |
| hemostasis | (haima, blood + stasis, halt), the stopping of bleeding |
| Explain the difference between platelets and thrombocytes. | Platelets are nonnucleated cell fragments in mammalian blood, whereas thrombocytes are nucleated platelets in nonmammalian vertebrate blood. |
| Hemostasis consists of three phases | Vascular phase (backwards a-z is now z-a) Platelet phase (V,P,C) Coagulation phase |
| During the vascular phase a cut of Hemostasis | triggers vascular spasm that lasts 30 minutes |
| 1st Step of the Vascular Phase | Endothelial cells contract and expose the basement membrane to the bloodstream |
| 2nd Step of the Vascular Phase | Endothelial cells release chemical factors and local hormones Stimulates smooth muscle contraction and cell division |
| 3rd Step of the Vascular Phase | Endothelial plasma membranes become “sticky” Seals off blood flow |
| attachment of platelets to sticky endothelial surfaces, to the basement membrane, and to exposed collagen fibers marks the start of the | platelet phase of hemostasis |
| Begins within 15 seconds after injury | platelet phase |
| Platelet adhesion (attachment) TO: | sticky endothelial surfaces, basement membranes, exposed collagen fibers |
| Platelet aggregation (stick together) | Forms platelet plug that closes small breaks |
| Activated platelets release | clotting compounds |
| The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis | Begins 30 seconds or more after the injury |
| Blood clotting (coagulation) has | Cascade reactions |
| Clotting Factors Also called | procoagulants |
| Normal blood clotting depends on the presence of | clotting factors |
| important clotting factors include | Ca2+ and 11 different proteins |
| Three Coagulation Pathways | Intrinsic pathway Common pathway Extrinsic pathway (ICE) |
| a compound released by basophils and mast cells, is a cofactor that accelerates the activation of antithrombin-III. | Heparin |
| affect almost every aspect of the clotting process | Calcium ions and vitamin K |
| As the repairs proceed, the clot gradually dissolves in a process called | fibrinolysis |
| A sample of red bone marrow has unusually few megakaryocytes. What body process would you expect to be impaired as a result? | blood’s ability to clot properly, because fewer megakaryocytes would produce fewer platelets. |
| Vitamin K is fat soluble, and some dietary fat is required for its absorption. How could a diet of fruit juice and water have an effect on blood clotting? | do not contain fats needed for vitamin K absorption, leading to a vitamin K deficiency. This would lead to a decreased production of several clotting factors—most notably, prothrombin. As a result, clotting time would increase. |
| Unless chemically treated, whole blood will coagulate in a test tube. This clotting process begins when Factor XII becomes activated. Which clotting pathway is involved in this process? | The activation of Factor XII initiates the intrinsic pathway. |
| Substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response | Antigens |
| plasma membranes contain ________ ________ substances that your immune system recognizes as “normal.” | Surface Antigens |
| blood type is determined by | the presence or absence of specific surface antigens in RBC plasma membranes. |
| Substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response | Antigens |
| Normal cells are ignored and while they attack foreign cells | surface antigens |
| Genetically determined by the presence or absence of RBC surface antigens A, B, Rh (or D) | blood types |
| Four Basic Blood Types | A, B, AB, O |
| Antigens on the surface of RBCs | Agglutinogens |
| Plasma antibodies attack and agglutinate (clump) foreign antigens | Agglutinogens |
| Screened by the immune system | Agglutinogens |
| Antibodies for type A | type B |
| Antibodies for type B | Type A |
| Antibodies for type O | Both A and B |
| Antibodies for type A&B | neither A nor B |
| The Rh Factor is also called D antigen | D antigen |
| Only _________ Rh- blood has anti-Rh antibodies | sensitized |
| Testing for Transfusion Compatibility | Performed on donor and recipient blood for compatibility |
| Without cross-match | type O- is universal donor |
| The two primary functions of blood | provide food and air remove waste transport |
| The two main components of blood | plasma and formed elements |
| What makes up the highest percentage of plasma? | Water 92% pf plasma is water |
| The four types of blood | A, B, AB, O |
| Three of the five types of WBCs | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (never let monkeys eat bananas) |
| The three steps of hemostasis | Vascular phase (backwards a-z is now z-a) Platelet phase (V,P,C) Coagulation phase |
Created by:
Charon514
Popular Anatomy sets