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Chapter 4

Neurochemicals

QuestionAnswer
- Small molecule -Primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, essential to operation of autonomic nervous system. -jThey participate in attention, wakefulness, learning and memory.
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptors Nicotinic: ionotropic, neuromuscular junction. Muscarinic: metabotropic, heart muscles and other smooth muscles
Dopamine Monoamine - cathecholamine. Involved in motivated behaviours and the processing of reward.
Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Neurohormone - cathecholamine. Present in limited amounts in the CNS. Coordinates eating and regulation of blood pressure.
Norepinephrine Cathecholamine. Increases arousal and vigilance.
Serotonin Indoleamine. Regialtes appetite, sleep, mood, dominance and aggression.
Histamine Small-molecule. Controls wakefulness and responsible for allergies.
Glutamate Amino acid. Excitatory neurochemical in the CNS. Can cause chest pain, headache, nausea and rapid heartbeat.
GABA Amino acid. Major inhibitory neurochemical of the CNS.
Glycine Amino acid. Inhibitory neurochemical in spinal cord interneurons, but excitatory at NMDA receptor. Participates in management of sleep-waking cycles
Adenosine Triphosphate and biproducts Small-molecule. Neurochemicals in the CNS, autonomic neurons, and the vas deferens, bladder, heart and gut. Involved with perception of pain and sleep-waking cycles. Adenosine inhibits the release of certain neurochemicals.
Substance P Neuropeptide. Involved in perception of pain.
Insulin and cholecytoskinin Neuropeptides. Have neuromodulating and neurohormone functions. They participate in digestion.
Oxytocin and vasopressin. Neuropeptides released from the pituitary glands. Act as both neuromodulators and hormones in the endocrine system.
Nitric oxide (NO) Gasotransmitter. Involved with neural communication, maintenance of blood pressure and penile erection.
Caffiene Adenosine antagonist
Nicotine Agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors
Cocaine Agonist - dopamine reuptake inhibitor
Amphetamine Agonist - stimulate dopamine and norepinephrinr release, inhibits their reuptake
Ecstasy Agonist - Serotonin reuptake blocker
Opioids Agonist - stimulates endorphin receptors by mimicing effects of endorphin Also increases dopamine activity
Marijuana - THC Stimulates endorphin receptors
LSD Seronergic agonist and noradrenergic agonist
Alcohol Agonist - Stimulates GABA(A) receptors; acts as an antagonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor; stimulates dopaminergic systems
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