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AP Gov Midterm
Chapter 7 (interest groups), 9 (elections), 10 (media)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Climate Control | Practice of using public outreach to build favorable public opinion of an organization |
| Collective Goods | Outcomes shared by the general public; also called public goods |
| Economic Incentive | Motivation to join an interest group b/c group works for policies that will provide members with material benefits |
| Electioneering | Working to influence the elections of candidates who support the organizations issues |
| Elite Theory | Theory that holds that a group of wealthy, educated individuals wields most political power |
| Free Rider Problem | Phenomenon of someone deriving benefit from others' actions |
| Interest Group | Organization that seeks to achieve goals by influencing government decision making |
| Iron Triangle | 1.) Members of Congress 2.) Executive Departments & Agencies 3.) Organized Interest Groups |
| Issue Network | Fluid web of connections among those concerned about a policy & those who create & administer the policy |
| Lobby | Communicate directly w/ policy makers on an interest group's behalf |
| Pluralist Theory | Theory that holds that policy making is a competition among diverse interest groups that ensure the representation of individual interests |
| Political Action Committee | Entity whose specific goal is to raise and spend money to influence the outcome of elections |
| Public Employee Unions | Labor organizations comprising federal, state, and municipal workers, including police officers & teachers |
| Purposive Incentive | Motivation to join an interest group based on the belief in the group's cause from an ideological or moral standpoint |
| Rational Choice Theory | Idea that from an economic perspective it is not rational for people to participate in collective action when they can secure the collective good without participating |
| Social Capital | Many ways in which our lives are improved by social connections |
| Solidary Incentive | Motivation to join interest group based on companionship; satisfaction derived from socializing with others that it offers |
| Umbrella Organizations | Interest groups that represent collective groups on an interest group's behalf |
| Consolidation | Large corporations buying smaller ones so that there are fewer and fewer companies' products available |
| Convergence | Merging of various forms of media, including newspapers, tv stations, radio networks & blogs, under one corporate roof & one set of business & editorial leaders. |
| Digital Paywall | Practice of limiting access to a website unless users pay a fee or purchase a subscription |
| Fairness Doctrine | Required that stations holding broadcast licenses present controversial issues of public importance & do so in a manner that is honest, fair, and balanced |
| Fireside Chats | President Franklin D. Roosevelt's radio addresses to the country (direct access to citizens) |
| Framing | Process by which the media set a context that helps people to understand important events and letters of shared interest |
| Infotainment | Hybrid of words information and entertainment news shows that combine entertainment/news |
| Journalism | Practice of gathering & reporting events |
| Letter to the Editor | Letter in which reader responds to a story in newspaper, knowing that letter might be published in that paper |
| Media | Tools used to store and deliver information or data |
| Media Segmentation | Breaking down of the media according to the specific audiences they target |
| Muckraking | Criticism and exposés of corruption in government and industry by journalists at the turn of the 20th century |
| Narrow casting | The practice of aiming media content at specific segments of the public |
| New Media | Sources of information including Internet websites, blogs, social networking sites, apps, and cellular/ satellite technology to facilitate their use |
| Penny Press | Newspapers that sold for a penny in the 1830s |
| Priming | Bringing certain policies on issues to the public agenda through media coverage |
| Public Agenda | Public issues that most demand the attention of government officials |
| Talk Radio | Format featuring conversations & interviews about topics of interest, call-ins from listerners |
| Telegenic | Quality of looking good on TV |
| Yellow Journalism | Irresponsible, sensationalism approach to news reporting, so noted after the yellow ink used in the "Yellow Kid" cartoons in the New York World |
| Absentee Voting | Casting a ballot in advance by mail in situations where illness, travel, or other circumstances prevent voters from voting in their precincts |
| Australian Ballot | A secret ballot prepared by the government, distributed to all eligible voters, and , when balloting is completed, counted by government officials in an unbiased fashion, without corruption or regard to individual preferences |
| Campaign Consultant | Paid professional who specializes in the overall management of political campaigns or an aspect of campaigns |
| Campaign Manager | A professional whose duties include a variety of strategic and managerial tasks, from fund-raising to staffing a campaign |
| Campaign Strategy | Blueprint for the campaign, including a budget and fund-raising plan, advertising strategy, and staffing plan |
| Caucus | Meeting of party members held to select delegates to the national convention |
| Chad | A ready-made perforation on a punch card ballot |
| Citizens United v Federal Election Commission | Supreme Court ruling stating that corporations and labor unions are entitled to the same First Amendment protections that individuals enjoy, resulting in drastically increased spending through superPACs by corporations & labor organizations |
| Closed Primary | A type of primary in which voting in a party's primary is limited to members of that party |
| Coattail Effect | The phenomenon by which candidates running for lower-level offices such as city council benefit in an election from the popularity of a top-of-ticket nominee |
| 501(c)4s | Nonprofit organizations operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare, including lobbying or engaging in political campaigning |
| 527 | A tax-exempt group that raises money for political activities |
| Fund-raising Consultant | A professional who works with candidates to identify likely contributors to the campaign & arranges events and meetings with donors |
| General Election | An election that determines which candidates win the offices being sought |
| GOTV | Get out the vote |
| Grassroots Organizing | Tasks that involve direct contact with voters or potential voters |
| Incumbency | The situation of already holding the office that is up for reelection |
| Independent Expenditures | Outlays by PACs and others, typically for advertising for or against a candidate, but uncoordinated with a candidate's campaign |
| Initiative | A citizen-sponsored proposal that can result in new or amended legislation or a state constitutional amendment |
| Instant Runoff Election | A special runoff election in which the computerized voting machine stimulates the elimination of last-place vote-getters |
| Media Consultant | A professional who brings the campaign message to voters by creating handouts and all forms of media ads |
| Office-block Ballot | A type of ballot that arranges all the candidates for a particular office under the name of that office |
| Open Primary | A type of primary in which both parties' ballots are available in the voting booth, and voters select one on which to register their preferences |
| Party-column Ballot | A ballot that organizes the candidates by political party |
| Proposition | A proposed measure placed on the ballot in an initiative election |
| Prospective Voting | A method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to support them based on their past performance |
| Rational Abstention Thesis | A theory that some individuals decide the costs of voting are not worth the effort when compared to the benefits |
| Recall | A special election in which voters can remove an officeholder before his or her term is over |
| Referendum | An election in which voters in a state can vote for or against a measure proposed by the state legislature |
| Retrospective Voting | A method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to support them based on their past performance |
| Run-off Election | A follow-up election held when no candidate receives the majority of votes cast in the original election |
| Salient | In relation to a voting issue--having resonance, being significant, causing intense interest |
| Super PACs | Political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcomes of elections |
| Super Tuesday | The Tuesday in early March on which the most primary elections are held, many of them in southern states |
| Turnout rate | The proportion of eligible voters who actually voted |
| Voter Fatigue | The condition in which voters grow tired of all candidates by the time Election Day arrives, and may thus be less likely to vote |
Created by:
machowell20
Popular American Government sets