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Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Cities, Immigrants, and Farmers from Gateway textbook
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| urbanization | the movement of people from the countryside into the city |
| overcrowding and slums | low income housing, families living in one room apartments with minimal if any amenities. |
| lack of sanitation and pollution | contaminated drinking water, raw sewage, inadequate garbage collection & airborne chemicals |
| tenements | low cost rental properties |
| traffic congestion | due to overcrowding, people in the streets, the inability for people to move on the streets or drive carriages/cars |
| vast differences in wealth | the rich live right down the street from the poor. Tensions between the two groups became an issue in crowded cities |
| political corruption | within cities, politicians were bought by the wealthy and the poor and immigrants suffered. |
| political machine | an organization usually controlled by a strong leader that got citizens to vote for selected candidates. |
| Tammany Hall | located in New York City in 1789 to 1930s, this political machine was responsible for the naming of mayors and other government officials (usually corruptly). |
| Boss Tweed | He was one of the most corrupt politicians of his day. He accepted "kickbacks" from the rich to move legislation in their favor. |
| Thomas Nast | he was political satirical artist that made fun of Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall by using his published drawings. |
| push and pull immigration | conditions in immigrants' home countries that propelled them to leave and come to America |
| Old immigrants | they came from Great Britain, Ireland and Germany up to 1880. They mostly spoke English |
| New immigrants | they came from Southern and Eastern Europe: Poland, Russia, Italy, Greece from 1880 to 1924. They spoke no English and were Catholic, Jewish & Greek Orthodox |
| ghettos | neighborhoods where immigrants settled with people like themselves (language/culture) |
| Americanization | assimilated into mainstream American society by learning its values and behaviors. |
| Chinese immigrants | began arriving during 1840-50s California Gold Rush and labor helped to build the transcontinental railroad (West to East). |
| Naturalization Law of 1870 | prevented Asian immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens |
| Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 | banned all further Chinese immigrants from China. It was the first immigration restriction by the United States Government |
| Gentlemen's Agreement 1907 | the United States and Japanese governments agreed to end any further Japanese immigration to the United States |
| nativism | the general belief that Protestant native-born Americans were superior to others and the immigrants and others were undesirables. |
| Ellis Island | After 1892, poorer Europeans immigrants were processed at this New York location |
| Angel Island | After 1910, Asians generally were processed on this island in San Francisco. |
| agricultural overproduction | one of the problems that farmers faced was the large amounts of land to farm. Crop production increased causing prices to fall. |
| international competition | one of the problems that farmers faced was crop production in other neighboring countries |
| middlemen | these individuals would act between the farmer and the market concerning prices of crops and shipping. They had a lot of freedom to charge the farmer what they wanted. |
| high shipping costs | one of the problems that farmers faced was the cost of moving their crops (mostly on railroads) |
| deflation | occurs when prices fall in an open market |
| inflation | occurs when prices of goods rise in an open market |
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act | required the federal government to purchase a large amount of silver each month. |
| The Grange | a national association of farmers's social clubs |
| Granger Laws | laws to regulate the railroad and grain storage |
| Munn v. Illinois | The Supreme Court case that supported the Grange Laws. The court ruled that a state government could regulate a private utility if that utility was serving the public interest |
| Wabash St. Louis & Pacific Railroad v. Illinois | This Supreme Court case held that state governments could not regulate railroads running through more than one state. Only Congress has that power. |
| Interstate Commerce Act (1887) | It prohibited giving different rates to different customers for hauling freight the same distance. It also banned price fixing agreements |
| Interstate Commerce Commission | it was created to investigate complaints against railroads and to enforce the act itself. |
| The Populist Party | the People's Party with the goal of controlling rich industrialists and bankers. |
| Omaha Platform | the Populist Party (farmers) convention where ideas became future laws concerning pro-farmers legislation and political positions. |
| bimetallism | a system allowing the unrestricted currency of two metals (e.g., gold and silver) as legal tender at a fixed ratio to each other |
| William Jennings Bryan | he was the Populist Party nomination for President of the United States. He wrote the famous "Cross of Gold" speech |
| Cross of Gold speech | it exalted the farmer while denouncing banking and big business owners. Man would be crucified upon a cross of gold. |
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