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IPHY 3410- exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| type of epithelium in bronchus | pseudostratified |
| where does smooth muscle end in bronchial tree | thins out at bronchioles, absent around alveoli |
| respiratory distress syndrome | premature infants, inability to produce enough surfactant |
| lobule definiton | 1 larger bronchiole and all of its branches |
| stroma | elastic connective tissue that surrounds, supports, and connects lobules |
| emphysema | unable to fully exhale |
| two main layers of pericardium | fibrous and serous |
| two (3) parts of serous membrane | parietal, visceral w/ pericardial cavity in between |
| visceral pericardium aka | epicardium |
| two possible causes of heart murmur | mitral valve prolapse (weakness in collagen or chordae tendinae) or stenosis (calcium deposits) |
| what are cardiac muscle desmosomes called | fascia adherens |
| ischemic | restriction in blood supply resulting in oxygen and glucose deprivation of tissues |
| arterial vs. veinous walls | thicker on arteries and veins have valves **arteries have more elastin in tunica media |
| muscular arteries | tunica media has external and internal elastic lamina |
| part of capillary that is always open | metarteriole (precapillary sphincters elsewhere) |
| 3 types of capillaries | continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal |
| sinusoidal capillary | large intercellular cleft and incomplete basement membrane (lymph nodes) |
| blood contents | 55% plasma, and 45% formed elements (includes <1% buffy coat) |
| where does hematopoiesis occur | spongy bone |
| three things in blood clot | plateler aggregates, RBCs, fibrin |
| afferent | sensory neuron |
| efferent | motor neuron |
| Schwann cells | myelin sheath in PNS |
| what is the space between schwann cells called | nodes of ranvier |
| unmyelinated axon | schwann cell surrounds multiple axons |
| cell that forms myelin sheath in CNS | oligodendrocyte` |
| multiple sclerosis | gradual destruction of myelin |
| collection of axons in PNS is called | nerve |
| collection of axons in CNS is called | tract |
| all motor neurons are what kind of neuron | multipolar |
| where are bipolar neurons found | special sensory neurons only |
| sensory neurons are typically what | unipolar neurons |
| where are cell bodies of sensory neurons | in ganglia |
| where are cell bodies of motor neurons | within CNS |
| interneurons are what type of neuron | multipolar |
| what nerve is sensory only | optic |
| what nerve is motor only | hypoglossal |
| three types of synapses | axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic |
| presynaptic axon to postsynaptic dendrite | axodendritic |
| presynaptic axon synapses to postsynaptic cell body | axosomatic |
| presynaptic axon to postsynaptic axon | axoaxonic |
| astrocyte | (CNS) most abundant; transfer glucose (nourish) and take up excess neurotransmitter |
| microglial cell | (CNS) least abundant; macrophages |
| microglial cell | (CNS) least abundant; macrophages |
| ependymal cells | (CNS) ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium/ line central hollow portions like ventricles and central canal |
| satellite cells | (PNS) surround cell bodies to prevent information crossover |
| ganglia | clusters of neuronal cell bodies |
| Tic Douloureux | trigeminal nerve: satellite cells nearby degenerate (due to compressed blood vessel) and soft touch gets registered as pain |
| what is the opposite of caudal when referring to the brain | rostral |
| arachnoid villi | portions of arachnoid mater that extend into dural sinuses (where CSF is returned to the blood) |
| blood brain barrier | specialized continuous capillaries without intercelluar clefts |
| what structures of a neuron do oligodendrocytes surround | axons only |
| gray matter is composed of | dendrites, cell bodies, glial cells, unmyelinated axons |
| ventricles are lined with what | ependymal cells |
| order of ventricles | lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, central canal |
| capillary network within ventricles that produces CSF | choroid plexus |
| hydrocephaly | CSF overproduced/not removed properly in infants causing an increase in head size |
| 5 distinct brain development regions | telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon |
| telencephalon develops into what | cerebrum and lateral ventricles |
| diencephalon develops into what | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina, third ventricle |
| metencephalon develops into what | pons, cerebellum, fourth ventricle |
| myelencephalon develops into what | medulla oblongata, fourth ventricle |
| three types of fiber tracts | projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers |
| projection fibers | allow communication between cortex and rest of nervous system |
| commissural fibers | allow communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres |
| association fibers | allow for communication within different parts of same hemisphere |
| decussation | fiber crossover from left to right or vice versa |
| three types of processing areas | sensory, motor, assocation |
| visual is processed where | cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum, brain stem |
| auditory is processed where | brain stem, cerebrum, diencephalon |
| motor is processed where | cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum, brain stem |
| primary motor cortex | frontal lobe, conscious control of skeletal muscles |
| premotor cortex | association area for coordination of repetitive learned skills |
| what is the map of the primary motor cortex called | motor homunculus |
| somatosensory association area | interpret information based on prior experiences |
| what is the map of the primary somatosensory cortex called | sensory homunculus |
| wernicke's area | recognition of spoken words |
| olfactory cortext is part of | limbic system |
| what sense is in insula | gustatory cortext |
| basal ganglia | clusters of cell bodies deep to white matter of cerebrum, allow for muscle tone |
| corpus striatum function | (part of basal ganglia) starts, stops, and regulates intensity of movements |
| corpus striatum components | caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus |
| parkinson's | neuronal pathway leading to corpus striatum degenerates, stop releasing dopamine |
| alzheimer's: what pathway degeneration is the primary deficit | basal forebrain (part of basal ganglia) |
| limbic system | amygdala (emotional fears), hippocampus (converts short term memories to long term memories) |
| diencephalon | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
| thalamus | part of diencephalon; processing and relay center |
| epithalamus | part of diencephalon; pineal gland, secretes melatonin |
| hypothalamus | part of diencephalon; visceral control center (body temp, hunger/thirst, glands, etc.) |
| superior colliculi | (corpora quadrigemina of midbrain) visual reflexes |
| inferior colliculi | (corpora quadrigemina of midbrain) auditory reflexes; larger |
| pons | regulates speed of respiration, bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum |
| 3 functions of cerebellum | current movements (where body parts are), planned movements, equilibrium |
| medulla oblongata | brainstem, right below pons; controls HR, force of contractions, blood pressure, respiration rate |
| what is the one meninge structure around spinal cord that isn't present in brain | epidural space; superficial to dura mater (fatty tissue) |
| ventral horns | motor functions leave spinal cord here |
| dorsal horns | sensory functions enter spinal cord here |
| lateral horns | visceral motor neurons (only below cervical regions) |
| where are cell bodies of somatic & visceral sensory neurons | dorsal root ganglia |
| cervical enlargement | upper limb |
| lumbar enlargement | lower limb |
| ascending tracts | sensory interneuron axons |
| descending tracts | motor interneuron axons |
| reflex arc | no brain input, just goes to spinal cord (integration center at interneuron) |
| monosynaptic reflex | axon terminals of sensory neurons synapse directly w/ motor neuron (2 neurons, one synapse) |
| polysynaptic reflex | axon terminals of sensory neurons connected via 1+ interneurons |
| what structures of the PNS allow it to communicate with the CNS | spinal nerves and cranial nerves |
| how many cranial nerves | 12 pairs |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves | 31 pairs |
| how many cervical nerves | 8 (pair) |
| how many thoracic nerves | 12 (pair) |
| how many lumbar nerves | 6 (pair) |
| how many coccygeal nerves | 1 (pair) |
| dermatomes | map of the relationship between sensory receptors of the skin and the spinal nerves |
| paraplegia | damage between T1-L2 |
| quadriplegia | damage above T1 (above C4 also lose ability to breathe) |
| mechanoreceptors | respond to distortion caused by pressure changes, vibration, etc |
| meissner's corpuscles | mechanoreceptors that respond to light touch |
| root hair plexus | free nerve endings that wrap around hair to respond to movement |
| three types of proprioceptors | (type of mechanoreceptors) muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors |
| nociceptors | free nerve endings that respond to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli |
| where are photoreceptors found | melanocytes and retina |
| motor unit | one somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates |
| what is the structure on visceral motor neurons that synapses with smooth muscle cells | variscosities |
| cervical plexus | ventral rami C1-C5 |
| brachial plexus | ventral rami C5-T1 |
| lumbar plexus | ventral rami L1-L4 |
| sacral plexus | ventral rami L4-S4 |
| polio | virus that targets motor neurons |
| post polio syndrome | older people lose functions because neurons that made new connections eventually fatigue |
| autonomic nervous system aka | visceral motor |
| where do parasympathetic neurons originate from | brainstem and sacral spinal nerves |
| where do sympathetic neurons originate from | thoracic and lumbar regions |
| how many neurons between spinal cord and skeletal muscle for somatic motor | 1 |
| how many neurons between spinal cord and skeletal muscle for visceral motor | 2 |
| parasympathetic neuron lengths | long, short (both Ach) and no branching |
| sympathetic neuron lengths | short, long (Ach, NE) with branching |
| sympathetic trunk ganglion | expansion of sympathetic trunk where pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse |
| sympathetic trunk | runs parallel to spinal cord |
| Which epithelial lining corresponds to primary bronchi | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| Which structure anchors the chordae tendinae of the atrioventricular valves | papillary muscle |
| Which layer of the heart wall is visceral pericardium | epicardium |
| What type of tissue comprises the SA node, AV node, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers? | Muscle tissue |
| Which valve(s) of the heart are forced closed when blood tries to flow back into the ventricles at the end of a cardiac cycle? | Pulmonary semilunar valve, Aortic semilunar valve |
| mitral valve aka | bicuspid valve |
| what components of blood can move through the fenestrations | plasma only |
| Deep gray matter is associated with which structures? | basal forebrain nuclei and basal ganglia |
| Cerebral white matter is associated with which structures? | projection tracts, commissural tracts, association tracts |
| two possible CSF tracts | 1) lateral ventricles → third ventricle → fourth ventricle → central canal → subarachnoid space → arachnoid villi 2) lateral ventricles → third ventricle → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space → arachnoid villi |
| # synapses somatic motor division | 2 |
| # synapses visceral motor division | 3 |
| In the cardiac cycle, what happens immediately after ventricular systole ends? | both the atria and ventricles fill with blood |
| Which part of a blood vessel contains the vaso vasorum | tunica externa |
| Which type of artery is defined as being closest to the heart and having the largest diameter? | elastic artery |
| What makes up the formed elements of the blood? | erythrocytes, leukocytes, & platelets |
| veins contain valves. What are those valves made of? | tunica intima |
| What is the epineurium | a dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a nerve |
| which type of fiber tract connects two locations within a single cerebral hemisphere? | association |
| Which structures make up the brainstem | medulla oblongata, pons & midbrain |
| Which two regions of the brain are considered to be the two major visceral control centers | Medulla oblongata & hypothalamus |
| Which nerve plexus does the sciatic nerve arise from? | Sacral |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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