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A&P1 - Chapter 17
The Special Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| __ coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus. | olfactory glands |
| Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain? | cerebrum |
| What happens to olfactory discrimination as we age? | the number of olfactory receptors decline |
| Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of the special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors? | olfaction |
| A normal, relaxed inhalation carries about __ of the inhaled air to the olfactory organs. | 2% |
| How would a molecule that mimics cAMP affect an olfactory receptor? | increase in sodium permeability, open chemically gated sodium channels, depolarize the olfactory receptor, and could trigger an afferent action potential |
| Gustatory receptors are located? | on the surface of the tongue |
| Destruction to your left glossopharyngeal nerves would result in? | a reduction in ability to identify sour and bitter foods |
| Stimulation of noiceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of? | peppery hot |
| An adult has approximately __ taste buds. | 4,000,000 |
| Taste buds are monitored by which cranial nerve(s)? | facial nerve (VIII), vagus nerve (X), and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) |
| A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve? | V |
| What are the six primary taste sensations? | sweet, sour, salty, umami (NOTpeppery) |
| The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acid glutamate is known as? | umami |
| The palpebrae are connected at the? | canthus |
| A structure that is located at the medial canthus glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the? | lacrimal caruncle |
| What produces a lipid rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges? | tarsal gland |
| In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the? | cornea |
| What are the functions of tears? | protects the eye by: keeping the eye moist and contains antibodies to fight off infection |
| What is the common term for myopia? | nearsightedness |
| A ray of light entering the eye will encounter the following structures in which order? | conjunctiva>cornea>aqueous humor>lens>vitreous body>retina |
| Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary __, and sympathetic activation causes __? | constriction, dilation |
| If your vision is 20/15, this means you can see? | objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet |
| During accomodation, the ciliary muscle __ and the suspensory ligaments become __ which, in turn, cause the lens to become __. | contracts, loose, round |
| The optic disc is a blind spot because? | there are no photoreceptors in that area |
| During accommodation, the ciliary muscle __ causeing the ciliary body to move __ and apply __ tension on the lens. | contracts, forward, less |
| Use Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye Identify the space labeled "1" | |
| Use Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye Identify the structure labeled "7" | |
| Use Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye Identify the structure labeled "12" | |
| A sudden increase of light into the eye would cause? | contraction of the sphincter pupillary muscles |
| In the light adapted state, photoreceptors are much __ sensitive to stimulation. | less |
| There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated __? | red, green, blue |
| When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive ___? | white |
| Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound __? | rhodopsin |
| A pigment synthesize from vitamin A is ___? | retinal |
| Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because? | rods exposed to strong light need time to regenerate rhodopsin |
| The __ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the __ ear, which contains auditory ossicles. | outer |
| The external acoustic meatus ends at the __? | tympanic membrane |
| The auditory ossicles connect the ___? | tympanic membrane to the oval window |
| The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the __? | auditory ossicles |
| The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the ___? | auditory tube or Eustachian tube |
| Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the __? | saccule and utricle |
| The superficial hard part of the inner ear is called the __ and contains __. | bony labyrinth, perilymph |
| The structure attached to the oval window that transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear is the __? | stapes |
| What is the function of the auditory tube? | equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane |
| An infection that damages the vestibular nerve could result in a loss of __? | equilibrium |
| The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation. What is the proper sequence for these steps? | 2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3 |
| Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the __. | maculae |
| Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the? | |
| Use Figure 17-2 The Ear Identify the structures labeled "8" | |
| Use Figure 17-2 The Ear Which structure contains the receptors for hearing? | |
| Use Figure 17-2 The Ear Which structure is known as the vestibule? | |
| Use Figure 17-2 The Ear Identify the structure that is called the pinna or auricle. | |
| Use Figure 17-2 The Ear Identify the structures labeled "3" | |
| The olfactory organs consists of the __ and the lamina propria. | olfactory epithelium |
| The olfactory receptors are highly modified __. | sensory neurons |
| Olfactory glands secrete a thick, pigmented __ that absorbs water. | mucus |
| Taste buds on the tongue are often associated with epithelial projections called __? | lingual papillae |
| A typical gustatory cell survives for only about __ day(s) before it is replaced. | 10 |
| Modified sebaceous glands located along the margin of the eyelid that secrete a lipid rich product are called __ glands. | tarsal |
| A(n) __ is an infection in one of the glands on the eyelids. | sty |
| The abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as __. | a cataract |
| ___, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface. | conjunctivitis |
| Where the eyelids join at the medial or lateral edge is called the? | canthus |
| An irregularity in curvature in the cornea or lens, called __, causes a reduction in visual acuity. | astigmatism |
| A person suffering from __ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred. | myopia |
| A person suffering from __ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close. | hyperopia |
| A type of farsightedness that results from a loss of lens elasticity with age is __. | presoyopia |
| A young child has been diagnosed with a recessive hereditary disease that results in destruction of the geniculate nucleus. The result of this would be __. | partial loss of vision |
| Photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light are __. | rods |
| Photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color are __. | cones |
| Color blindness is a(n) | hereditary disease involving a lack of certain cones |
| The secretion commonly called earwax is produced by __ glands. | ceruminous |
| __ is a fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid that fills the space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. | perilymph |
| __ deafness results from conditions in the outer or middle ear that block the transfer of vibrations from the enviroment to the tympanic membrane or to the oval window. | conductive |
| __ deafness occurs because of a problem in the cochlea or somewhere along the auditory pathway. | nerve |
| Abnormal jumpy eye movements that may appear after brain stem or inner ear damage are called __. | nystagmus |
| The formal term for the sense of balance and equilibrium is the __ sense. | vestibular |
| __ sensations inform is of the position of the head in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration and rotation. | vestibular |
| When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling? | semicircular canal |
| The cochlear receptors that provide our sense of hearing are ___. | hair cells |
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jnipper
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