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Lymphatic System
Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 22: Lymphatic and Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What's resistance? | Aka immunity, ability to ward off disease or damage |
| What are the organs of the lymphatic system? | Spleen, tonsils, appendix, thymus, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph trunks, lymph ducts, red bone marrow |
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? | Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and carry out immune responses |
| What is lymph? | colorless interstitial fluid confined in lymphatic vessels and flowing through the lymphatic system until it is returned to the blood |
| What's the chemical composition of lymph? | Similar to blood plasma except it also has white blood cells |
| What are the primary lymphatic organs? | Red bone marrow, thymus |
| What are the secondary lymphatic organs? | Spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic nodules |
| What makes lymphatic organs primary? | They are the sites where cells become immunocompetent |
| What is the function of the thymus gland? | Site of T cell maturation |
| What is the function of the lymph nodes? | Sites of proliferation of B cells and T cells. Filter lymph, store lymphocytes. |
| What are the functions of the spleen? | Site where platelets are stored and B cells and T cells carry out immune functions and macrophages destroy blood-borne pathogens and worn-out cells by phagocytosis |
| What are lymphatic nodules? | lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
| What does MALT stand for? | Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue |
| What is the function of the tonsils? | Participate in immune responses against inhaled or ingested foreign substances |
| What are the two types of immunity? | Innate immunity and Adaptive Immunity |
| What is the first line of defense? | Skin and mucous membranes |
| What is the second line of defense? | Internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever |
| What is the function of interferons? | Prevent viral infection |
| Release of antibodies from plasma cells is an example of what? | Specific immune response |
| What provides cell-mediated immunity? | Cytotoxic T-cells |
| What effect does histamine have on bronchioles? | Constriction |
| What does Boyle's Law state? | At a constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure. |
| How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes? | Diffusion |
| When does respiratory acidosis occur? | When CO2 concentration is too high in blood |
| What is the function of natural killer cells? | Attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins |
| What is the function of phagocytes? | Ingest microbes or other particles such as cellular debris |
| What type of leukocytes are macrophages, B and T cells? | Lymphcytes |
| What are the four signs of inflammation? | Redness, pain, heat, and swelling |
| What are the benefits of inflammation? | Disposes microbes/pathogens, prevents their spread, prepares for repair, activates immune system, delivers oxygen and nutrients and repair cells and molecules, dilutes toxin, & assists with drug delivery |
| What is pus? | Liquid product of inflammation containing leukocytes or their remains and debris of dead cells |
| What is the characteristic of adaptive (specific) immune system? | It adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe. It involves T cells and B cells. Memory for most previously encountered antigens so a 2nd encounter prompts more rapid, vigorous response |
| What are the two types of immune response of the adaptive system? | Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity |
| What's clonal selection? | Process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen. The result is a population of identical clones that can recognize the same specific antigen |
| What's an antigen? | (Ag) Antibody generator. Substance with immunogenicity (ability to provoke an immune response) and reactivity (ability to react with the antibodies or cells that result from the immune response) |
| What is a hapten? | Smaller substance with reactivity but without immunogenicity; it can only stimulate an immune response only if it is attached to a larger carrier molecule |
| What's the difference between a complete antigen and a hapten? Give an example. | A complete antigen has both reactivity and immunogenicity; a hapten has only reactivity. The lipid toxin in poison ivy is a hapten that triggers an immune response after combining with body protein |
| What is MHC antigen? | Major histocompatibility complex antigen. Surface proteins on white blood cells & other nucleated cells that are unique for each person; used to type tissues and help prevent rejection of transplanted tissues. Aka human leukocyte antigens |
| What is the functions of antigen presenting cells and name few? | Lymphocyte that begins development in primary lymphatic organs and completes it in red bone marrow |
| What are the cells of the adaptive immunity? | T and B cells |
| What are the different types of T cells? | Cytotoxic T cell (CD8 T), Helper T cell (CD4 T), Memory cytotoxic T cell |
| How are infected cells eliminated by cytotoxic T cells? | Release granzymes that induce apoptosis, perofrin that forms channels to cause cytolysis, granulysin that destroys microbes, lymphotoxin that destroys target cell DNAl, gamma-interfon that attracts macrophages and increases their phagocytic activity, and |
| What are B cells? | Lymphocyte that begins development in primary lymphatic organs and completes it in RBM |
| What are plasma cells and how are they produced? | Cell that develops from a B cell (lymphocyte) and produces antibodies |
| What are antibodies? | Protein produced by plasma cells in response to a specific antigen; the antibody combines with the antigen to neutralize, inhibit, or destroy it. Aka immunoglobin (Ig) |
| What are the functions of antibodies? | Neutralize antigen, immobilize bacteria, agglutinating and precipitating antigen, activating complement, enhancing phagocytosis |
| How are monoclonal antibodies produced? | Scientists fuse B cells with tumor cells that grow easily & proliferate endlessly. The resulting hybrid cell is a hybridoma, which is a long-term source of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies |
| What's the difference between natural acquired active and passive immunity and examples. | Active: exposure to antifen. Passive: breastmilk antibodies. Artificial: Vaccination=active, Antibiotics=passive, |
| What's hypersensitivity and how does it occur? | Overreaction to an allergen that results in pathological changes in tissues. AKA allergy |
| What are allergens and give examples? | Antigen that provokes a hypersensitivity reaction. Pollen, peanut butter, shellfish |
| What is anaphylactic shock? | Allergic reaction that occurs within a few minutes after a person sensitized to an allergen is re-exposed to it. Wheezing and shortness of breath as airways constrict are usually accompanied by shock due to vasodilation and fluid loss from blood |
| What's delayed hypersensitivity? | A cell-mediated response to allergen takes a few days to occur |
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