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Chapter 12
hearing, senses
| General senses | Receptors that widely distributed throughout the body skin various organs and joints |
| Special senses | Specialized receptors confined to structures in the head eyes ears nose and mouth |
| Sensory receptors | Specialized cells or multicellular structures that collect information from the environment |
| Sensation | A feeling that occurs when brain becomes aware of sensory impulse |
| Perception | A person view of the stimulus the way the brain interprets the information |
| Chemoreceptors | Respond to changes in chemical condition |
| Pain receptors (noiceptors) | Respond to chemicals release during tissue damage |
| Thermoreceptors | Respond to changes in temperature |
| Mechanorecptors | Respond to mechanical forces (touch stretch pressure) |
| Photoreceptors | Respond to light |
| Sensory impulses | Stimulation of receptor causes local change in its receptor potential |
| Projection | process in which the brain projects the sensation back to the appertaining source it allows a person to pinpoint the region of stimulation |
| Sensory adaptations | Ability to ignore unimportant stimuli involves a decrease response to particular stimulus from receptors peripheral adaptation or along the cns pathways leading to the cerebral cortex central adaptation |
| Exteroceptive senses | Senses associated with body surface such as touch pressure temperature and pain |
| Visceroceptive senses | Associated with changes in viscera such as blood pressure stretching blood vessels and ingestion of a meal |
| Proprioceptive senses | Associated with changes in muscles and tendons such as joints |
| Free nerve endings | Common in epithelial tissues simplest receptors sense itching |
| Tactile | Aboundant in hairless portions of skin and lips detect fine touch and texture |
| Lamellated | Common in deeper subcutaneous tissue tendons and ligaments detect heavy pressure and vibrations |
| Warm receptors | Sensitive to temperature above 25c 77f |
| Cold receptors | Sensitive to temperatures between 10c and 20c 50f |
| Pain receptors | respond to temperatures below 10c respond to temperatures above 45c |
| free nerve endings | widely distributed |
| visceral pain | pain receptors are the only receptors in viscera whose stimulation produces sensations |
| thalamus | allows person to be aware of pain |
| cerebral cortex | judges intensity of pain localized source of pain produces emotional and motor responses to pain |
| pain inhibiting substances | enkephalins serotonin endorphins |
| mechanoreceptors | send information to spinal cord and CNS about body position and length and tension of muscles |
| main kinds of proprioceptors | pacinian corpuscles in joints muscle spindles in skeletal muscles golgi tendon organs in tendons concedered to be stretch receptors |
| receptors in internal organs | convey information that includes the sense of fullness after eating a meal as well as the discomfort of intestinal gas and the pain that signals a heart attack |
| sensory receptors are within | complex sensory organs in the head smell in olfactory organs taste in taste buds hearing and equilibrium in ears sight in eyes |
| mixed up senses synesthesia | brain interprets a stimulus from one sense as coming from another the sunset was salty from stroke or birth defect |
| olfactory receptors | chemoreceptors respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids |
| olfactory organs | contain olfactory receptor cells and supporting epithelial cells cover parts of nasal cavity superior nasal conchae and a portion of the nasal septum |
| olfactory code | hypothesis odor that is stimulated by distinct set of receptors cells and its associated receptors proteins |
| taste buds | organs of taste located on papillae of tongue |
| taste receptors | chemoreceptors taste cells modified epithelial cells that fuction as receptors |
| taste hairs | microvilli that protrude from taste cells through pores of taste buds sensitive parts of taste cells |
| five taste sensations | sweet- carbohydrates sour-acids salty-salts bitter-organic compounds and umami-amino acids |
| ear | organ of hearing outer external middle ear and inner internal ear |
| auricle | collects sound waves |
| external acoustic meatus | tunnel lined with coterminous glands carries sound to tympanic membnrane |
| tympanic membrane | vibrates in respond to sound waves ear drum |
| tympanic cavity cavity | air filled space in temporal bone |
| auditory ossicles | vibrate in response to tympanic membrane |
| oval window | opening in wall of tympanic cavity spates vibrations against it to move fluids in inner ear |
| tympanic reflex | muscle contractions that occur during loud sounds to tighten bridge of auditory ossicles |
Created by:
Jenfaith
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