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AP Gov Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| civil liberties | individual freedoms guaranteed to the people primarily by the Bill of Rights |
| civil rights | citizenship rights guaranteed to the people (primarily in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-sixth Amendments) and protected by the government |
| habeas corpus | the right of an accused person to be brought before a judge and informed of the charges and evidence against him or her |
| bills of attainder | laws under which specific persons or groups are detained and sentenced without trial |
| ex post facto laws | laws that criminalize an action after it occurs |
| incorporation | Supreme Court action making the protections of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states |
| selective incorporation | incorporation of rights on a case-by-case basis |
| establishment clause | the First Amendment guarantee that the government will not create and support an official state church |
| separationists | supporters of a "wall of separation" of church and state |
| accommodationists | supporters of government nonpreferential accommodation of a religion |
| Lemon test | three-pronged rule used by the courts to determine whether the establishment clause is violated |
| free exercise clause | the First Amendment guarantee that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice |
| police power | the ability of the government to protect its citizens and maintain social order |
| compelling state interest | a fundamental state purpose, which must be shown before law can limit some freedoms or treat some groups of people differently |
| sedition | speech that criticizes the government to promote rebellion |
| bad tendency test | rule used by the courts that allows speech to be punished if it leads to punishable actions |
| clear and present danger test | rule used by the courts that allows language to be regulated only if it presents an immediate and urgent danger |
| imminent lawless action test | rule used by the courts that restricts speech only if it is aimed at producing or is likely to produce imminent lawless action |
| freedom of assembly | the right of the people to gather peacefully and to petition government |
| Miller test | rule used by the courts in which the definition of obscenity must be based on local standards |
| fighting words | speech intended to incite violence |
| political correctness | the idea that languages shapes behavior and therefore should be regulated to control its social effects |
| prior restraint | censorship of or punishment for the expression of ideas before the ideas are printed or spoken |
| libel | written defamation of character |
| due process of law | guarantee that laws will be fair and reasonable and that citizens suspected of breaking the law will be treated fairly |
| exclusionary rule | rule created by the Supreme Court that evidence illegally seized may not be used to obtain a conviction |
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Amber D
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