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Ch9A&P Articulations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED STRUCTURALLY BASED ON | THEIR ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONALLY BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF MOVEMENT THEY PERMIT |
| THE STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS IS BASED ON | (1) the presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones, called a synovial cavity, and (2) the type of connective tissue that holds the bones together |
| Structurally, joints are classified as one of the following types | Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints |
| Fibrous joints | The bones are held together by dense connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers, and there is no synovial cavity |
| Cartilaginous joints | The bones are held together by cartilage, and there is no synovial cavity |
| Synovial joints | The bones are united by the dense connective tissue of an articular capsule and oƞen by accessory ligaments, and there is a synovial cavity. |
| The functional classification of joints relates to | the degree of movement they permit |
| Functionally, joints are classified as one of the following types: | SYNARTHROSIS AMPHIARTHROSIS DIARTHROSIS |
| SYNARTHROSIS | An immovable joint |
| AMPHIARTHROSIS | A slightly movable joint. |
| DIARTHROSIS | A freely movable joint. All are synovial joints. They have a variety of shapes and permit several different types of movements. |
| fibrous joints | lack a synovial cavity, and the articulating bones are held very closely together by dense connective tissue. Permit little or no movement. |
| The three types of fibrous joints are | sutures, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes. |
| A _______is a fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue. they occur only between bones of the skull | Suture |
| Their irregular, interlocking edges of ________give them added strength and decrease their chance of fracturing. In older individuals, they are immovable (synarthroses), but in infants and children they are slightly movable (amphiarthroses) They play imp | sutures |
| the area where two or more bones meet, or where a bone and cartilage, or a bone and teeth, meet. | A joint, or articulation |
| Most movements of the body occur at | joints |
| Joints are classified | structurally and functionally |
| Structural classification of joints is based on | (1) presence or absence of a synovial cavity (2) the type of connective tissue binding the bones together |
| Fibrous joints include | sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. |
| A suture is composed of | thin dense connective tissue |
| Sutures are synarthroses and are only found in | the skull |
| Some sutures, called _______, are present during childhood but eventually get replaced by _______ tissue in adulthood | synostoses, osseous |
| In a syndesmosis, the dense connective tissue of a ligament unites the | bones and permits slight movement |
| gomphosis | a peg-in-a-socket joint composed of a bone held in its bony socket by a periodontal ligament. It is a synarthrosis; the only examples in the human body are the teeth. |
| Interosseous membranes | slightly movable joints found between the radius and ulna in the forearm and the tibia and fibula in the leg. |
| Cartilaginous joints lack a synovial cavity and are held together by | cartilage |
| Cartilaginous joints include | synchondroses and symphyses. |
| synchondrosis | composed of hyaline cartilage and is a synarthrosis. |
| symphysis | has fibrocartilage connecting the bones at their articular cartilage surfaces; it is an amphiarthrosis |
| Articulating surfaces of bones at a synovial joint are covered with __________ and enclosed within a ___________. | articular cartilage, synovial cavity |
| . All synovial joints have a _______that allows the joint to function as a diarthrosis. The bones have a covering of _______on their articulating surfaces to reduce friction and________. | synovial cavity, articular cartilage, absorb shock |
| The synovial cavity is enclosed by a sleevelike _______ composed of an outer _________ that helps stabilize the joint and an inner _______. | articular capsule, fibrous membrane, synovial membrane |
| The synovial membrane secretes a viscous, clear ______ that forms a thin film over the articular capsule surfaces to reduce friction, absorb shock, supply oxygen and nutrients, and remove wastes. | synovial fluid |
| Accessory ligaments | located inside and outside the articular capsule are often found at synovial joints. |
| Certain synovial joints, like the knee, have pads of fibrocartilage, called_______ , lying between the articular surfaces of the bones and attached to the fibrous membrane. | articular menisci |
| These discs stabilize the joint and direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction. | articular menisci |
| Bursae | sacs lined with a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. They cushion adjacent body parts at certain joints and help alleviate friction between them. |
| tendon sheaths | Tubelike bursae wrap around muscle tendons to prevent friction |
| Synovial joint movement terminology indicates the | direction of movement or the relationships of body parts during movement |
| Movements at synovial joints are grouped into four categories: | (1) gliding, (2) angular movements, (3) rotation (4) special movements. |
| Gliding | occurs at plane joints where flat bone surfaces move back and forth and side to side in relation to one another without alteration of the angles between the bones. |
| Angular movements | occur when the angle between articulating bones increases or decreases during movement. Angular movements include flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction |
| Flexion | a decrease in the angle between articulating bones |
| extension | an increase in the angle between articulating bones |
| When flexion occurs laterally along the frontal plane, rather than along the sagittal plane, it is . When body parts at a joint undergo extension beyond their the sagittal plane, it is | lateral flexion |
| When body parts at a joint undergo extension beyond their anatomical position, it is | hyperextension |
| Abduction | the movement of a bone away from the midline |
| adduction | the movement of a bone toward the midline |
| Circumduction | movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle. It results from a sequence of movements: flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction |
| Rotation | involves a bone revolving around its own axis. In medial rotation a limb rotates toward the midline; in lateral rotation a limb rotates away from the midline |
| Special movements occur only at certain joints. These include | elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition. |
| extension | an increase in the angle between articulating bones |
| When flexion occurs laterally along the frontal plane, rather than along the sagittal plane, it is . When body parts at a joint undergo extension beyond their the sagittal plane, it is | lateral flexion |
| When body parts at a joint undergo extension beyond their anatomical position, it is | hyperextension |
| Abduction | the movement of a bone away from the midline |
| adduction | the movement of a bone toward the midline |
| Circumduction | movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle. It results from a sequence of movements: flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction |
| dorsiflexion | Bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of its superior surface |
| Rotation | involves a bone revolving around its own axis. In medial rotation a limb rotates toward the midline; in lateral rotation a limb rotates away from the midline |
| Special movements occur only at certain joints. These include | elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition. |
| elevation | Upward movement of a body part |
| depression | downward movement of a body part |
| protraction | Movement of a body part anteriorly in the transverse plane |
| retraction | movement of a protracted body part back to the anatomical position |
| inversion | Moving the soles of the feet medially |
| eversion. | moving the soles laterally |
| dorsiflexion | Bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of its superior surface |
| plantar flexion. | bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of its inferior surface |
| Supination | movement of the forearm resulting in the palm facing anteriorly |
| pronation | the movement of the forearm resulting in the palm facing posteriorly. |
| opposition. | Movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint across the palm to touch the fingertips |
| Synovial joints are described as | plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, or ball-and-socket |
| plane joint | the articulating surfaces are flat, and the bones glide back and forth and side to side; they may also permit rotation |
| hinge joint | the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another, and the motion is angular around one axis. |
| pivot joint | a round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament, and movement is rotational. |
| condyloid joint | an oval projection of one bone fits into an oval cavity of another, and motion is angular around two axes; examples include the wrist joint and metacarpophalangeal joints of the second through fifth digits. |
| saddle joint | the articular surface of one bone is shaped like a saddle and the other bone fits into the saddle like a sitting rider. |
| ball-and-socket joint | the ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into the cuplike depression of another. Motion is around three axes. |
| The shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints provide examples of | synovial joint components, classifications, and movements |
| The shoulder joint is formed by the | head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. |
| Anterior and superior ligaments help reinforce the joint, and four bursae help reduce friction | shoulder joint |
| Most joint stability comes from the rotator cuff muscles and their tendons that encircle the joint | shoulder joint |
| This joint allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction | shoulder joint |
| The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed by the | trochlea of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius |
| It is stabilized by strong ligaments. This joint permits flexion and extension of the forearm | elbow joint |
| The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the | head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone |
| Its articular capsule is dense and strong, and reinforced by several strong ligaments | hip joint |
| The acetabulum is a deep socket that secures articulation with the femur | hip joint |
| Rotation and every angular movement are permitted; however, the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as the shoulder joint because of its strong ligaments. | hip joint |
| The knee joint is the body’s | largest and most complex joint |
| The weak, incomplete articular capsule is strengthened by the muscle tendon of the anterior thigh muscles and other tendons and ligaments | knee joint |
| The tibial and fibular collateral ligaments give the joint stability | knee joint |
Created by:
fieldslady80
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