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NAU A&P, 7&8
NAU Skeletal System and Joints of the Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bone Functions | To serve as framework, to protect delicate structures, to serve as levers to aid muscles in producing movement, to serve as a mineral storehouse for calcium, to produce blood cells. |
| Dense and looks smooth, looks like a solid structure, gives the body strength to stay upright. Has a diaphysis and an epiphysis. Ex: Femur, humerus | Compact Bone |
| Most of the main bones of the arms and legs. Ex: Radius, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Phalanges | Long Bones |
| Cube shaped, consisting of spongy bone, enclosed in a thin shell of compact bone. Ex: carpals of the wrist and tarsals of the ankles | Short Bones |
| 2 layers of compact bone, one enclosing a layer of cancellous bone which provides attachment site for muscles. Ex: sternum | Flat Bones |
| Bones that don't fit into any other category. Ex: Pelvic girdle, vertebrae and ossicles of the ears | Irregular Bones |
| Round bones, embedded within tendons adjacent to joints. Ex: Hyoid bone and patella | Sesamoid Bones |
| Irregular lattice work of thin plates of bone, gives the shape without the weight. The spaces between are filled with red marrow | Spongy Bones |
| Structure of Long Bones | Diaphysis, Medullary cavity, Epiphysis, Epiphyseal Line |
| Long shaft of the bone | Diaphysis |
| Ends that are covered in articular cartilage instead of periosteum | Epiphysis |
| Remnant of the epiphysis plate (growth plate), proximal and distal | Epiphyseal line |
| Two types of Epiphyseal Lines | Proximal and distal |
| Bone Tissue | Osseous Tissue |
| Anchoring point for a muscle, protective covering over the bone. Helps with overall strength, held in place by perforating fibers | Periosteum |
| Is responsible for red blood cell production | Red Marrow |
| Found predominately in the central cavities of the long bones of adults for storage of fats | Yellow Marrow |
| Parts of compact bone tissue | Central or Haversian canals, Perforating or Volkmann's canals, Concentric Lamellae, Lacunae, Canaliculi, Osteocytes, Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts |
| Runs longitudinally through the bone | Central or Haversian Canals |
| Runs perpendicularly from the periosteum through the Medullary cavity, it carries blood vessels and nerves. | Perforating or Volkmann's Canals |
| Rings of hard, calcified intercellular substance which surround the Haversian canals and house the lacunae. | Concentric Lamellae |
| Small spaces between the Lamellae which contain the osteocytes | Lacunae |
| Passageways that connect the bone cells with their nutrient supply from the central canal | Canaliculi |
| Mature bone cells that function to support daily cellular activities | Osteocytes |
| Bone building cells (Ossification) | Osteoblasts |
| Bone destroying cells | Osteoclasts |
| Bone Membranes | Periosteum and Endosteum |
| Covers the marrow lining | Endosteum |
| Bones involved in development and growth | Intramembranous and Endochondral bones |
| Broad, flat bones of the skull, the process of replacing connective tissue to form bone | Intramembranous Bones |
| Bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bony structures (Ossification). | Endochondral Bones |
| Anchors periosteum to surface of the bone | Sharpe's or Perforiating fibers |
| Factors of Bone development | Nutrition, Exposure to sunlight or dehydrocholesterol, hormonal secretions and physical exercise |
| Vitamin D is necessary for Calcium absorption from either fortified dairy or from exposure to sunlight, Vitamin A, necessary for Osteoblast and osteoclast functions and Vitamin C for collagen synthesis to promote strength and sturdiness of the bone | Nutrition needed for Bones |
| Produced by cells in the digestive tract, when exposed to sunlight, converts into Vitamin D. | Dehydrocholesterol |
| Growth hormone, from the anterior pituitary, regulates bone cell production that aids in bone elongation, thyroid hormone, thyrosine stimulates, replacment of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate of long bones | Hormonal secretions in bones |
| Physical stress or weight lifting will promote bone tissue to thicken and strengthen | Physical exercise needed for bones |
| Consisting of boney framework | Skeleton |
| Central portion, runs along the longitudinal axis or midline of the body, consists of 80 bones that include the vertebrae, skull, ribs and sternum | Axial |
| 126 bones of the appendages including bones of the upper and lower limbs and associated girdles such as hips and shoulders | Appendicular |
| Term for projections or bumps | Tuberosity, Tubercles, Trochanter, |
| Term for rounded, knob-like. Ex: Femur and humerus | Head |
| Term for a large projection | Process |
| Term for smaller rounded projection | Condyle |
| Term for small rounded projection above the condyle | Epicondyle |
| Term for a rough edge or ridge | Crest |
| Term for a sharp projections | Spine |
| Term for Holes | Depression |
| Term for big holes, provides passageways | Foramen |
| Term for air chambers | Sinus |
| Term for depression on the surface of a bone | Fossa |
| Term for short channel or passageway, canal | Meatus |
| Consists of 22 bones | Skull |
| Consists of 8 bones | Cranial |
| Consists of 14 bones, makes up the face | Facial |
| Seam or stitch, immovable fibrous joint found only between the bones of the skull | Suture |
| Name the 8 Cranial Bones | 1-Frontal, 2-Parietal, 2-Temporal, 1-Occipital, 1-Ethmoid, 1-Sphenoid |
| Front bone of the skull | Frontal |
| Bones in the upper, back part of the head | Parietal |
| Bones on the sides of the skull, thin plate of bone | Temporal |
| Bone in the lower back of the skull | Occipital |
| Bone that lays behind the nasal cavity, helps form nasal septum | Ethmoid |
| Bat like bone on the inside of the skull | Sphenoid |
| The ridge near the sphenoid bone | Cristi Galli |
| Resting place of the pituitary gland, secondary protection area | Sella Turcica |
| 14 Facial Bones | 2-Nasal, 2-Maxillae, 2-Zygomatic, 1- Mandible, 2-Lacrimal, 2-Palatine, 2-Inferior Nasal Conchae, 1-Vomer |
| Bones that makes up the bridge of the nose | Nasal |
| Bones that form the upper jaw and hard pallet | Maxillae |
| Bones that make up the front of the cheekbones | Zygomatic |
| Movable bone of the face | Mandible |
| Bones that form a structure around the eye sockets and the lacrimal duct | Lacrimal |
| Bones that help form the hard pallet | Palatine |
| Set of bones involved with air turbulence, that help increase surface area of the walls of the nasal cavity | Inferior Nasal Conchae |
| Forms inferior aspect of the nasal septum, plowshare shaped. Divides nasal cavity into left and right halves | Vomer |
| Sutures that overlap straight edges | Squamous Suture |
| Sutures that have jagged, saw-toothed edges | Serrate Suture |
| Suture between the frontal and 2 parietal bones, divide front and back of the skull | Coronal |
| Suture between the 2 parietal bones, runs down the middle of the top of the skull | Sagittal |
| Sutures the runs down the back of the skull, is V-shaped and between the 2 parietal bones and occipital bone | Lambdoidal |
| Suture between the parietal and around temporal bones | Squamosal |
| Vertebral column consists of: | Vertebrae, Vertebral Regions and Thoracic Cage |
| Vertebral Regions consists of: | Cervical -7 bones, Thoracic -12 bones, Lumbar -5 bones, Sacral-5 fused bones and Coccygeal- 3-5 fused bones |
| Vertebrae consists of: | Body or centrum, Vertebral foramen, Spinous process, transverse process, superior and inferior articular process, intervertebral foramina |
| Canal which the spinal cord passes through | Vertebral foramen |
| Single, posterior projection of the vertebrae | Spinous process |
| Paired lateral projection of the vertebrae, that stick out for muscle attachment | Transverse process |
| Paired superior and inferior projections which form a joint with adjacent vertebrae, stackable bones | Superior and Inferior Articular Processes |
| Spaces between joining vertebrae that allow passage of the spinal nerves to the body. | Invertebral Foramina |
| C1 vertebrae, does not have a body, lies on top of the C2-axis | Atlas |
| Has a body, referred to as a dens or a pivot for head rotation | Axis |
| Axis is also referred to as this | Dens |
| Vertebrae that has a spine, the last 5 of 7 vertebrae are for muscular attachment for 6 layers of muscle | Cervical |
| All 12 of these vertebrae attach to ribs except the last 2 | Thoracic |
| Vertebrae that are thicker and the spine is less pronounced. Is weight bearing, consists of 5 vertebrae | Lumbar |
| Consists of 5 fused vertebrae | Sacral |
| Consists of 3-5 fused vertebrae | Coccygeal |
| Sternum consists of: | Manubrium, Body and Xiphoid process |
| Bone part that is palpitated for CPR | Manubrium |
| Middle part of the sternum | Body |
| Lower part of the sternum, that is thinner and can break off during CPR | Xiphoid Process |
| Attach directly to the sternum | True Ribs |
| Attach indirectly to the sternum through articular cartilage | False Ribs |
| No anterior attachment, easily broken | Floating Ribs |
| Appendicular upper extremity bones | Pectoral girdle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges/Phalanx |
| Appendicular lower extremity bones | Pelvic girdle, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges |
| Bone attaches to the upper extremities to the axial skeleton | Pectoral (shoulder) girdle |
| Pectoral girdle consists of: | Clavicle and Scapula |
| Collarbone | Clavicle |
| Lateral end of the clavicle and articulate with the acromial process | Acromial end of the clavicle |
| Medial end of the clavicle | Sternal end of the clavicle |
| Shoulder blade | Scapula |
| Ridge of the scapula | Spine |
| Depression on the top part of the scapula | Supraspinous Fossa |
| Bone attaches to the upper extremeties to the axial skeleton | Pectoral (shoulder) girdle |
| Pectoral girdle consists of: | Clavicle and Scapula |
| Collarbone | Clavicle |
| lateral end of the clavicle and articulate with the acromial process | Acromial end of the clavicle |
| Medial end of the clavicle | Sternal end of the clavicle |
| Shoulder blade | Scapula |
| Ridge of the scapula | Spine |
| Depression on the top part of the scapula | Supraspinous Fossa |
| Bone attaches to the upper extremeties to the axial skeleton | Pectoral (shoulder) girdle |
| Pectoral girdle consists of: | Clavicle and Scapula |
| Collarbone | Clavicle |
| lateral end of the clavicle and articulate with the acromial process | Acromial end of the clavicle |
| Medial end of the clavicle | Sternal end of the clavicle |
| Shoulder blade | Scapula |
| Ridge of the scapula | Spine |
| Depression on the top part of the scapula | Supraspinous Fossa |
| Depression of the lower part of the scapula | Infraspinous Fossa |
| Lateral end of the spine of the scapula which is flattened and forms a posterior portion of the shoulder socket | Acromion |
| Depression under the acromion that joins the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint | Glenoid cavity |
| Medial to Glenoid cavity which permits passage of the suprascapular nerve, C-shaped | Coracoid process |
| Makes up the scapula | Spine, Supraspinous Fossa, Infraspinous fossa, acromion, glenoid cavity, coracoid process |
| Bone of the lower arm that is on the thumb side or lateral | Radius |
| Bone that is on the pinky side or medial on the lower arm | Ulna |
| Bones of the wrist | Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate |
| Bones of the hand | Metacarpals |
| Bones of the fingers | Phalanges/Phalanx |
| Projections at the proximal end of the humerus | Greater and lesser tubercles |
| Projections at the distal, medial end of the humerus | Trochlea |
| At the distal, lateral end of the humerus | Capitulum |
| Joins the radius and ulna in a pulley-shaped surface | Capitulum and Trochlea |
| Ossa Coxae is formed by the fusion of 3 bones | Pelvic Girdle |
| Makes up Pelvic Girdle | Ilium, Ischium, Iliac crest |
| Superior wing portion that forms hips | Ilium |
| Superior border of the Ilium | Iliac crest |
| Lower stronger portion, provides contact when sitting | Ischium |
| Flat edge of the Ischium | Ishial Tuberosity |
| Forms the anterior lower portion of the pelvic girdle | Pubis |
| Joint between the 2 bones that expands during childbirth | Pubic Symphasis |
| Bone of the thigh | Femur |
| Big bump on Femur | Greater Trochanter |
| Little bump on Femur | Lesser Trochanter |
| Ridge on the shaft for muscle attachment of the Femur, runs down the back of the femur | Linea Aspera |
| Makes up the Femur | Greater Trochanter, Lesser Trochanter, Linea Aspera |
| Kneecap | Patella |
| Tougher shin bone, predominantly weight bearing | Tibia |
| Inside of ankle on the Tibia | Medial Malleous |
| Finer, lateral bone does not do much work, but assists Tibia | Fibula |
| Outside of ankle on fibula | Lateral Malleous |
| Bones of the ankle | Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiform-3 bones |
| Bones of the foot | Metatarsals |
| Bones of the toes, numbered 1-10 biggest to littlest | Phalanges |
| Classifications of joints | Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial |
| Makes up Synovial Joints | Articular cartilage, joint capsule, ligaments, Synovial membrane, synovial fluid, depending on joint, bursae or menisci |
| Types of Synovial joints based on shape | Plane joint, Hinge joint, Pivot joint, Condyloid joint, Saddle joint, Ball & Socket Joint |
| Types of joint movement | Flexion & Extension, Abduction & Adduction, Pronation & Supination, Inversion & Eversion, Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion, Rotation & Circumduction |
| Immovable joint | Syndesmosis |
| Joint composed of dense connective tissue | Fibrous Joint |
| Immovable suture | Synarthosis |
| Joint around a tooth | Gomphosis |
| Joint connected to hyaline or fibrocartilage | Cartilaginous Joint |
| Cartilage meets the bone | Synchondrosis |
| Complete ossification in adults of the ends of long bones, immovable | Synostosis |
| Freely movable joint, encapsulated joint with the most amount of moving parts | Diarthosis |
| Any type of strong, tough collagenous fibers of attachment that brings bones together | Ligaments |
| Has 2 distinct layers, that holds bones together of a synovial joint | Joint capsule |
| Inner layer of the joint capsule of synovial joints that consists of shiny, vascular, lining of loose connective tissue, to keep friction down | Synovial membrane |
| Synovial membrane which secretes a clear, viscous fluid, functions to keep joints moist & lubricated | Synovial fluid |
| Fibrocartilagenous discs | Menisci |
| Fluid filled sacs or little pillows | Bursae |
| Inflammation of the fluid filled sacs | Bursitis |
| Gliding articular surfaces, are essentially flat joints. Ex: carpals and wrists | Plane Joint |
| Joint with a cyndrical end of one bone that fits into the trough-shaped surface of another bone. Ex: elbow | Hinge Joint |
| Joint with a rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of another bone. Ex: First & Second vertebra | Pivot Joint |
| Knuckle like articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity of another bone. Ex: Joint between metacarpal and phalanx, knuckles | Condyloid Joint |
| Both articulating bones have concave & convex areas that fit together. Ex: Joints between first metacarpal and trapezium carpal, thumb | Saddle Joint |
| Joint in which the spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket of another bone. Ex: Hip | Ball and Socket Joint |
| Motion towards the body | Flexion |
| Motion extending out | Extension |
| Motion taking away | Abduction |
| Motion toward body | Adduction |
| Motion where hands are downward | Pronation |
| Motion where hands are up | Supination |
| Motion where inside soles of feet are upward and outside soles of feet are downward | Inversion |
| Motion where inside soles of feet are downward and outside soles of feet are upward | Eversion |
| Motion where foot is extended and toes point upward | Dorsiflexion |
| Motion where foot is extended and toes point downward | Plantar Flexion |
| Motion where you are moving around an axis. Ex: moving head around | Rotation |
| Motion where you have circular movement of different degrees with a stationary point. Ex: moving the fingers and not moving the hand | Circumduction |
Created by:
FKrouse