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NAU A&P, 7&8
NAU Skeletal System and Joints of the Skeletal System
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Bone Functions | To serve as framework, to protect delicate structures, to serve as levers to aid muscles in producing movement, to serve as a mineral storehouse for calcium, to produce blood cells. |
Dense and looks smooth, looks like a solid structure, gives the body strength to stay upright. Has a diaphysis and an epiphysis. Ex: Femur, humerus | Compact Bone |
Most of the main bones of the arms and legs. Ex: Radius, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Phalanges | Long Bones |
Cube shaped, consisting of spongy bone, enclosed in a thin shell of compact bone. Ex: carpals of the wrist and tarsals of the ankles | Short Bones |
2 layers of compact bone, one enclosing a layer of cancellous bone which provides attachment site for muscles. Ex: sternum | Flat Bones |
Bones that don't fit into any other category. Ex: Pelvic girdle, vertebrae and ossicles of the ears | Irregular Bones |
Round bones, embedded within tendons adjacent to joints. Ex: Hyoid bone and patella | Sesamoid Bones |
Irregular lattice work of thin plates of bone, gives the shape without the weight. The spaces between are filled with red marrow | Spongy Bones |
Structure of Long Bones | Diaphysis, Medullary cavity, Epiphysis, Epiphyseal Line |
Long shaft of the bone | Diaphysis |
Ends that are covered in articular cartilage instead of periosteum | Epiphysis |
Remnant of the epiphysis plate (growth plate), proximal and distal | Epiphyseal line |
Two types of Epiphyseal Lines | Proximal and distal |
Bone Tissue | Osseous Tissue |
Anchoring point for a muscle, protective covering over the bone. Helps with overall strength, held in place by perforating fibers | Periosteum |
Is responsible for red blood cell production | Red Marrow |
Found predominately in the central cavities of the long bones of adults for storage of fats | Yellow Marrow |
Parts of compact bone tissue | Central or Haversian canals, Perforating or Volkmann's canals, Concentric Lamellae, Lacunae, Canaliculi, Osteocytes, Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts |
Runs longitudinally through the bone | Central or Haversian Canals |
Runs perpendicularly from the periosteum through the Medullary cavity, it carries blood vessels and nerves. | Perforating or Volkmann's Canals |
Rings of hard, calcified intercellular substance which surround the Haversian canals and house the lacunae. | Concentric Lamellae |
Small spaces between the Lamellae which contain the osteocytes | Lacunae |
Passageways that connect the bone cells with their nutrient supply from the central canal | Canaliculi |
Mature bone cells that function to support daily cellular activities | Osteocytes |
Bone building cells (Ossification) | Osteoblasts |
Bone destroying cells | Osteoclasts |
Bone Membranes | Periosteum and Endosteum |
Covers the marrow lining | Endosteum |
Bones involved in development and growth | Intramembranous and Endochondral bones |
Broad, flat bones of the skull, the process of replacing connective tissue to form bone | Intramembranous Bones |
Bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bony structures (Ossification). | Endochondral Bones |
Anchors periosteum to surface of the bone | Sharpe's or Perforiating fibers |
Factors of Bone development | Nutrition, Exposure to sunlight or dehydrocholesterol, hormonal secretions and physical exercise |
Vitamin D is necessary for Calcium absorption from either fortified dairy or from exposure to sunlight, Vitamin A, necessary for Osteoblast and osteoclast functions and Vitamin C for collagen synthesis to promote strength and sturdiness of the bone | Nutrition needed for Bones |
Produced by cells in the digestive tract, when exposed to sunlight, converts into Vitamin D. | Dehydrocholesterol |
Growth hormone, from the anterior pituitary, regulates bone cell production that aids in bone elongation, thyroid hormone, thyrosine stimulates, replacment of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate of long bones | Hormonal secretions in bones |
Physical stress or weight lifting will promote bone tissue to thicken and strengthen | Physical exercise needed for bones |
Consisting of boney framework | Skeleton |
Central portion, runs along the longitudinal axis or midline of the body, consists of 80 bones that include the vertebrae, skull, ribs and sternum | Axial |
126 bones of the appendages including bones of the upper and lower limbs and associated girdles such as hips and shoulders | Appendicular |
Term for projections or bumps | Tuberosity, Tubercles, Trochanter, |
Term for rounded, knob-like. Ex: Femur and humerus | Head |
Term for a large projection | Process |
Term for smaller rounded projection | Condyle |
Term for small rounded projection above the condyle | Epicondyle |
Term for a rough edge or ridge | Crest |
Term for a sharp projections | Spine |
Term for Holes | Depression |
Term for big holes, provides passageways | Foramen |
Term for air chambers | Sinus |
Term for depression on the surface of a bone | Fossa |
Term for short channel or passageway, canal | Meatus |
Consists of 22 bones | Skull |
Consists of 8 bones | Cranial |
Consists of 14 bones, makes up the face | Facial |
Seam or stitch, immovable fibrous joint found only between the bones of the skull | Suture |
Name the 8 Cranial Bones | 1-Frontal, 2-Parietal, 2-Temporal, 1-Occipital, 1-Ethmoid, 1-Sphenoid |
Front bone of the skull | Frontal |
Bones in the upper, back part of the head | Parietal |
Bones on the sides of the skull, thin plate of bone | Temporal |
Bone in the lower back of the skull | Occipital |
Bone that lays behind the nasal cavity, helps form nasal septum | Ethmoid |
Bat like bone on the inside of the skull | Sphenoid |
The ridge near the sphenoid bone | Cristi Galli |
Resting place of the pituitary gland, secondary protection area | Sella Turcica |
14 Facial Bones | 2-Nasal, 2-Maxillae, 2-Zygomatic, 1- Mandible, 2-Lacrimal, 2-Palatine, 2-Inferior Nasal Conchae, 1-Vomer |
Bones that makes up the bridge of the nose | Nasal |
Bones that form the upper jaw and hard pallet | Maxillae |
Bones that make up the front of the cheekbones | Zygomatic |
Movable bone of the face | Mandible |
Bones that form a structure around the eye sockets and the lacrimal duct | Lacrimal |
Bones that help form the hard pallet | Palatine |
Set of bones involved with air turbulence, that help increase surface area of the walls of the nasal cavity | Inferior Nasal Conchae |
Forms inferior aspect of the nasal septum, plowshare shaped. Divides nasal cavity into left and right halves | Vomer |
Sutures that overlap straight edges | Squamous Suture |
Sutures that have jagged, saw-toothed edges | Serrate Suture |
Suture between the frontal and 2 parietal bones, divide front and back of the skull | Coronal |
Suture between the 2 parietal bones, runs down the middle of the top of the skull | Sagittal |
Sutures the runs down the back of the skull, is V-shaped and between the 2 parietal bones and occipital bone | Lambdoidal |
Suture between the parietal and around temporal bones | Squamosal |
Vertebral column consists of: | Vertebrae, Vertebral Regions and Thoracic Cage |
Vertebral Regions consists of: | Cervical -7 bones, Thoracic -12 bones, Lumbar -5 bones, Sacral-5 fused bones and Coccygeal- 3-5 fused bones |
Vertebrae consists of: | Body or centrum, Vertebral foramen, Spinous process, transverse process, superior and inferior articular process, intervertebral foramina |
Canal which the spinal cord passes through | Vertebral foramen |
Single, posterior projection of the vertebrae | Spinous process |
Paired lateral projection of the vertebrae, that stick out for muscle attachment | Transverse process |
Paired superior and inferior projections which form a joint with adjacent vertebrae, stackable bones | Superior and Inferior Articular Processes |
Spaces between joining vertebrae that allow passage of the spinal nerves to the body. | Invertebral Foramina |
C1 vertebrae, does not have a body, lies on top of the C2-axis | Atlas |
Has a body, referred to as a dens or a pivot for head rotation | Axis |
Axis is also referred to as this | Dens |
Vertebrae that has a spine, the last 5 of 7 vertebrae are for muscular attachment for 6 layers of muscle | Cervical |
All 12 of these vertebrae attach to ribs except the last 2 | Thoracic |
Vertebrae that are thicker and the spine is less pronounced. Is weight bearing, consists of 5 vertebrae | Lumbar |
Consists of 5 fused vertebrae | Sacral |
Consists of 3-5 fused vertebrae | Coccygeal |
Sternum consists of: | Manubrium, Body and Xiphoid process |
Bone part that is palpitated for CPR | Manubrium |
Middle part of the sternum | Body |
Lower part of the sternum, that is thinner and can break off during CPR | Xiphoid Process |
Attach directly to the sternum | True Ribs |
Attach indirectly to the sternum through articular cartilage | False Ribs |
No anterior attachment, easily broken | Floating Ribs |
Appendicular upper extremity bones | Pectoral girdle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges/Phalanx |
Appendicular lower extremity bones | Pelvic girdle, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges |
Bone attaches to the upper extremities to the axial skeleton | Pectoral (shoulder) girdle |
Pectoral girdle consists of: | Clavicle and Scapula |
Collarbone | Clavicle |
Lateral end of the clavicle and articulate with the acromial process | Acromial end of the clavicle |
Medial end of the clavicle | Sternal end of the clavicle |
Shoulder blade | Scapula |
Ridge of the scapula | Spine |
Depression on the top part of the scapula | Supraspinous Fossa |
Bone attaches to the upper extremeties to the axial skeleton | Pectoral (shoulder) girdle |
Pectoral girdle consists of: | Clavicle and Scapula |
Collarbone | Clavicle |
lateral end of the clavicle and articulate with the acromial process | Acromial end of the clavicle |
Medial end of the clavicle | Sternal end of the clavicle |
Shoulder blade | Scapula |
Ridge of the scapula | Spine |
Depression on the top part of the scapula | Supraspinous Fossa |
Bone attaches to the upper extremeties to the axial skeleton | Pectoral (shoulder) girdle |
Pectoral girdle consists of: | Clavicle and Scapula |
Collarbone | Clavicle |
lateral end of the clavicle and articulate with the acromial process | Acromial end of the clavicle |
Medial end of the clavicle | Sternal end of the clavicle |
Shoulder blade | Scapula |
Ridge of the scapula | Spine |
Depression on the top part of the scapula | Supraspinous Fossa |
Depression of the lower part of the scapula | Infraspinous Fossa |
Lateral end of the spine of the scapula which is flattened and forms a posterior portion of the shoulder socket | Acromion |
Depression under the acromion that joins the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint | Glenoid cavity |
Medial to Glenoid cavity which permits passage of the suprascapular nerve, C-shaped | Coracoid process |
Makes up the scapula | Spine, Supraspinous Fossa, Infraspinous fossa, acromion, glenoid cavity, coracoid process |
Bone of the lower arm that is on the thumb side or lateral | Radius |
Bone that is on the pinky side or medial on the lower arm | Ulna |
Bones of the wrist | Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate |
Bones of the hand | Metacarpals |
Bones of the fingers | Phalanges/Phalanx |
Projections at the proximal end of the humerus | Greater and lesser tubercles |
Projections at the distal, medial end of the humerus | Trochlea |
At the distal, lateral end of the humerus | Capitulum |
Joins the radius and ulna in a pulley-shaped surface | Capitulum and Trochlea |
Ossa Coxae is formed by the fusion of 3 bones | Pelvic Girdle |
Makes up Pelvic Girdle | Ilium, Ischium, Iliac crest |
Superior wing portion that forms hips | Ilium |
Superior border of the Ilium | Iliac crest |
Lower stronger portion, provides contact when sitting | Ischium |
Flat edge of the Ischium | Ishial Tuberosity |
Forms the anterior lower portion of the pelvic girdle | Pubis |
Joint between the 2 bones that expands during childbirth | Pubic Symphasis |
Bone of the thigh | Femur |
Big bump on Femur | Greater Trochanter |
Little bump on Femur | Lesser Trochanter |
Ridge on the shaft for muscle attachment of the Femur, runs down the back of the femur | Linea Aspera |
Makes up the Femur | Greater Trochanter, Lesser Trochanter, Linea Aspera |
Kneecap | Patella |
Tougher shin bone, predominantly weight bearing | Tibia |
Inside of ankle on the Tibia | Medial Malleous |
Finer, lateral bone does not do much work, but assists Tibia | Fibula |
Outside of ankle on fibula | Lateral Malleous |
Bones of the ankle | Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiform-3 bones |
Bones of the foot | Metatarsals |
Bones of the toes, numbered 1-10 biggest to littlest | Phalanges |
Classifications of joints | Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial |
Makes up Synovial Joints | Articular cartilage, joint capsule, ligaments, Synovial membrane, synovial fluid, depending on joint, bursae or menisci |
Types of Synovial joints based on shape | Plane joint, Hinge joint, Pivot joint, Condyloid joint, Saddle joint, Ball & Socket Joint |
Types of joint movement | Flexion & Extension, Abduction & Adduction, Pronation & Supination, Inversion & Eversion, Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion, Rotation & Circumduction |
Immovable joint | Syndesmosis |
Joint composed of dense connective tissue | Fibrous Joint |
Immovable suture | Synarthosis |
Joint around a tooth | Gomphosis |
Joint connected to hyaline or fibrocartilage | Cartilaginous Joint |
Cartilage meets the bone | Synchondrosis |
Complete ossification in adults of the ends of long bones, immovable | Synostosis |
Freely movable joint, encapsulated joint with the most amount of moving parts | Diarthosis |
Any type of strong, tough collagenous fibers of attachment that brings bones together | Ligaments |
Has 2 distinct layers, that holds bones together of a synovial joint | Joint capsule |
Inner layer of the joint capsule of synovial joints that consists of shiny, vascular, lining of loose connective tissue, to keep friction down | Synovial membrane |
Synovial membrane which secretes a clear, viscous fluid, functions to keep joints moist & lubricated | Synovial fluid |
Fibrocartilagenous discs | Menisci |
Fluid filled sacs or little pillows | Bursae |
Inflammation of the fluid filled sacs | Bursitis |
Gliding articular surfaces, are essentially flat joints. Ex: carpals and wrists | Plane Joint |
Joint with a cyndrical end of one bone that fits into the trough-shaped surface of another bone. Ex: elbow | Hinge Joint |
Joint with a rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of another bone. Ex: First & Second vertebra | Pivot Joint |
Knuckle like articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity of another bone. Ex: Joint between metacarpal and phalanx, knuckles | Condyloid Joint |
Both articulating bones have concave & convex areas that fit together. Ex: Joints between first metacarpal and trapezium carpal, thumb | Saddle Joint |
Joint in which the spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket of another bone. Ex: Hip | Ball and Socket Joint |
Motion towards the body | Flexion |
Motion extending out | Extension |
Motion taking away | Abduction |
Motion toward body | Adduction |
Motion where hands are downward | Pronation |
Motion where hands are up | Supination |
Motion where inside soles of feet are upward and outside soles of feet are downward | Inversion |
Motion where inside soles of feet are downward and outside soles of feet are upward | Eversion |
Motion where foot is extended and toes point upward | Dorsiflexion |
Motion where foot is extended and toes point downward | Plantar Flexion |
Motion where you are moving around an axis. Ex: moving head around | Rotation |
Motion where you have circular movement of different degrees with a stationary point. Ex: moving the fingers and not moving the hand | Circumduction |
Created by:
FKrouse