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Anatomy: Cells
Human Anatomy (Marieb)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 46 | number of chromosomes in a somatic cell |
| 23 | number of chromosomes in a sex cell |
| Flagellum | moves the cell only the sperm cells have these in humans |
| Cillia | Microtubules - moves things past the cell often by mucus cells |
| microvilli | extensions of the cell membrane help increase surface area of the cell |
| three main parts of a human cell | Plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus |
| Plasma membrane | the outer boundary of the cell that acts as a selectively permeable membrane |
| Cytoplasm | fluid in the cell packed with organelles |
| organelles | small structures that perform specific cell functions found in the cytoplasm |
| nucleus | an organelle that controls cellular activities usually lies near the center of the cell |
| extracellular materials | substances contributing to body mass that are found outside the cells |
| interstitial fluid | blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid |
| 5 functions of the plasma membrane | mechanical barrier selective permeability electrochemical gradient communication cell signaling |
| Glycolipids | lipids with attached sugar groups |
| Name 3 membrane lipids | phospholipids glycolipids cholesterol |
| Integral proteins | proteins firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer |
| peripheral proteins | proteins loosely attached to integral proteins |
| tight junctions | a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell |
| desmosomes | anchoring junctions that bind adjacent cells together act like molecular velcro and also help form an internal tension-reducing network |
| gap junctions | communicating junctions that alow ions and small molecules to pass ae particularly important for communication in heart cells and embryonic cells |
| diffusion | the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration |
| selective permeability | allowing some substances to pass while excluding others |
| simple diffusion | nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer |
| What three characteristics will allow things to pass through the selective permeable barrier | lipid soluable small enough to pass through the channels those assisted by a carrier molecule |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of a solvent (like water) through a selectively permeable membrane |
| carriers | transmembrane integral proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecule, such as sugars or amino acids, that are too large to pass through membrane channels |
| channels | transmembrane proteins that transport substances, usually ions or water, through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other |
| tonicity | the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells' internal water volume |
| isotonic solutions | have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells |
| hypertonic solutions | have a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as those in the cells |
| hypotonic solutions | have a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as those in the cells |
| Active membrane transport | transport that requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances |
| What are solute pumps? | active transporters that move substances "uphill" or against the concentration gradient |
| A cell with many mitochondria would most likely be involved in... | ATP manufacture |
| What would you expect to happen when a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution? | Water flows out of the cell and the cell shrinks |
| True or False. Active transport only occurs in a living cell. | True (Active process involves energy. There is no energy in dead cells) |
| Which cellular organelle is responsible for lipid manufacture and detoxification? | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| True or False. Blood plasma represents one type of intracellular fluid. | False (it is extracellular) |
| Which type of junction acts like a zipper to prevent the passage of materials between cells? | Tight junctions |
| A chemo drug works by attaching to and damaging the mitotic spindle. Why would this drug be fatal to the cell and thus beneficial for chemotherapy? | It destroys the spindle making it impossible for the cell to complete mitosis and reproduce. |
Created by:
twolden1
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