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Body Book Ch 18 & 19
Ch 18 Digestive system & Ch 19 Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal Tract (GI); an irregular tube that opens at both ends | Alimentary canal |
| The breakdown is | chemical and mechanical |
| Digestion is necessary because | food molecules cannot be absorbed or digested |
| Digestion alters the chemical and physical composition of food so | it can be absorbed and used by cells |
| when food is chewed then formed in small mass to be swallowed | Bolus |
| also known as oral cavity; hollow chamber with a roof, floor, & walls | Mouth |
| formed by hard palate; located anterior or front of mouth | Roof |
| mostly muscle; located posterior or back of mouth | Soft palate |
| a downward projection of the soft palate | Uvula |
| prevent food & liquid from entering nasal cavities; assist in speech & swallowing | Uvula & soft palate |
| formed by tongue & its’ muscles | Floor |
| Types of teeth | Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars |
| also known as baby or primary teeth | Deciduous |
| 3 main parts of a tooth | crown, neck, root |
| hardest material cover tooth in crown area | Enamel |
| covered by enamel; make up most of the shell of the tooth | Dentin |
| covered in cementum | Neck |
| covers root & neck of tooth | Cementum |
| white patches (smoker) | Leukoplakia |
| caused by use of chewing tobacco; can cause tooth & gum decay | Snuff dipper’s pouch |
| most common form of mouth cancer | Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
| another word for cavity | Dental caries |
| gum inflammation or infection; turns into periodontitis | Gingivitis |
| caused by yeast like fungal organism | Thrush or oral candidiasis |
| inflammation of periodontal membrane; UNTREATED GINGIVITIS LEADS TO | Periodontitis |
| 3 pairs of salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| largest salivary glands; inflamed in mumps | Parotid glands |
| inside on both sides | Submandibular glands |
| under the tongue | Sublingual glands |
| contains salivary amylase; begins digestion of carbohydrates | Salvia |
| muscular tube (throat); functions as part of both respiratory & digestive systems | Pharynx |
| hollow space within the “tube” of the digestive tract | Lumen |
| 4 tissue layers | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| Mucosa | coats lining of alimentary canal |
| connective tissue | Submucosa |
| 2 layers of smooth muscle; rhythmic muscular waves known as peristalsis | Muscularis |
| long collapsible; connects pharynx to stomach | Esophagus |
| prevents air from entering tube during respiration | Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) |
| prevents backflow of stomach contents | Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
| GERD | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| backflow of acidic stomach contents into esophagus | GERD |
| stomach pushes through the gap or hiatus | Hiatal hernia |
| pouch for food | Stomach |
| contraction of muscular walls of stomach mixes food with gastric juice & breaks it down into | Chyme |
| mucous membrane lines the stomach & lies in folds called | Rugae |
| 3 divisions of stomach | fundus, body, pylorus |
| retain food (keeps food in stomach) | Pyloric sphincter |
| seen in infants; prevents food from leaving & going to the small intestine; abnormal spasms of the pyloric sphincter | Pylorospasm |
| open crater like wound | Ulcer |
| can cause CA (cancer) | Helicobacter pylori |
| microscopic finger-shaped projections that covers the folds & INCREASES SURFACE AREA OF SMALL INTESTINE | Villi |
| 3 sections of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| c shaped; where most of chemical digestion occurs | Duodenum |
| Occasionally a gallstone may block the duct that drains through the duodenal opening causing | severe pain, jaundice, may need surgery |
| intestinal inflammation | Enteritis |
| inflammation of stomach & intestines | Gastroenteritis |
| group of symptoms resulting from failure to absorb nutrients properly | Malabsorption syndrome |
| deficit of digestive enzymes | Maldigestion |
| largest gland; classifies as exocrine gland; secretes/produces bile | Liver |
| drains bile from liver | Hepatic duct |
| duct by which bile enters & leaves gallbladder | Cystic duct |
| hepatic & cystic ducts form | Common bile |
| stores bile | Gallbladder |
| breaks up fat &goes through hepatic & common bile duct NOT cystic duct | Bile |
| CCK; a hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile into duodenum | Cholecystokin |
| clumps of material | gallstones |
| condition of having gallstones | Cholelithiasis |
| inflammation of the gallbladder | Cholecystitis |
| Stones can obstruct bile canals causing | jaundice |
| liver inflammation | Hepatitis |
| no vaccine | Hep C |
| have vaccines | Hep A & Hep B |
| degeneration of liver tissue | Cirrhosia |
| is a exocrine & endocrine gland | Pancreas |
| pancreas has | pancreatic islets |
| inflammation of pancreas | pancreatitis |
| thick secretions block flow of pancreatic juice; inherited disorder | cystic fibrosis |
| very serious; fatal in the majority of cases | pancreatic cancer |
| large intestine 1 | cecum |
| large intestine 2 | ascending colon |
| Bend that joins ascending colon to transverse colon | hepatic flexure |
| large intestine 3 | transverse colon |
| Bend that joins transverse colon to descending colon | splenic flexure |
| large intestine 4 | descending colon |
| undigested & unabsorbed food enter large intestine after passing through | ileocecal valve |
| function of large intestine | container where water & electrolytes can be reabsorbed into blood |
| bacteria in large intestine manufactures | Vit K & some Vit B complex |
| increased intestinal motility; moves to quickly | diarrhea |
| decreased intestinal motility; moves to slow | constipation |
| disorders of the large intestine | diarrhea & constipation |
| inflammation or infection of appendix | Appendicitis |
| large sheet of serous membrane | Peritoneum |
| lines abdominal cavity | Parietal layer of peritoneum |
| covers abdominal organs | Visceral layer of peritoneum |
| shaped like a pleated fan | Mesentery |
| lace apron | Greater omentum |
| inflammation of peritoneum | Peritonitis |
| abnormal accumulation of fluid in peritoneal space | Ascites |
| process of physical & chemical changes that prepare food for absorption | Digestion |
| chewing, swallowing, & peristalsis break food into tiny particles, mix them well with digestive juices, & move them along the digestive tract | Mechanical digestion |
| breaks up large food molecules into compounds having smaller molecules | Chemical digestion |
| protein molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions | Enzymes |
| In chemical digestion specific enzymes speed up breakdown of | specific molecules & no others |
| enzymes speed up reactions that add water to break large molecules into smaller molecules | Hydrolysis |
| BEGINS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE; end result: simple sugars (glucose) | Carbohydrate digestion |
| begins in the stomach & completed in small intestine; end product: amino acids | Protein digestion |
| protein building blocks | Amino acids |
| end product of fatty fat digestion | acids & glycerol |
| digested food moves from intestine into blood or lymph; is just as important as digestion | Absorption |
| food we eat & nutrients they contain | nutrition |
| process of using nutrient ongoing, remodeling, & maintenance charaterezes all life | metabolism |
| RELEASES ENERGY; part of metabolism; breaks LARGER molecules down TO SMALLER ones | catabolism |
| SMALLER molecules INTO LARGER complex molecules; DOES NOT RELEASE ENERGY | anabolism |
| both work together to make up the process of metabolism | catabolism & anabolism |
| secretes bile to help digest lipids; processes blood immediately after it leaves the gastrointestinal tract; helps maintain normal blood glucose concentration; removes toxins from the blood & poisonous substances; stores some vitamins, iron, & Vit A & D | metabolic functions of the liver |
| are the preferred energy nutrient of the body | carbohydrates |
| 3 series of chemical reactions that occur in a precise sequence make up the | process of glucose metabolism |
| occurs in cytoplasm of the cell | glycolyses |
| direct sources of energy | ATP molecules |
| uses no oxygen | anaerobic process |
| uses oxygen | aerobic |
| amount of glucose in blood; normal 80 to 110mg | blood glucose (blood sugar) |
| occurs most often in humans | glucose catabolism |
| first step of glucose catabolism & releases small amount of energy that requires no oxygen | glycolysis |
| is the only hormone that regulates blood glucose level | insulin |
| you have diabetes | hyposecreation of insulin |
| if body does not release enough insulin | patient can have diabetes |
| because insulin lowers | hyperglycemia |
| 4 most important hormones that increase blood glucose | hydrocortisone, epinephrine, glucagon, growth hormones |
| secreted by adrenal cortex | hydrocortisone |
| secreted by adrenal medulla | epinephrine |
| by pancreatic islets raises glucose level | glucagon |
| by anterior pituitary gland raises glucose levels | growth hormones |
| why does a low carb diet reduces amount of fat in the body | with no carbohydrates to convert to at & storethe body relies on fat to supply energy |
| the body can store fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E, & K in the liver for later use but can not store | Vitamin C |
| can lead to scurvy | Vit C defeceincy |
| the inability of the body to manufacture & maintain collagen fibers; body just falls apart | scurvy |
| rate of which nutrients are catabolized, tha number of calories of heat that must be produced per hour by catabolism just to keep the body alive, awake, & comfortable | Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
| the total amounts of energy, expressed in calories, used by the body per day | Total Metabolic Rate (TMR) |
| is less that TMR | BMR |
| PCM | Protein-Calorie Malnutrition |
| type of advanced PCM caused by an overall lack of calories & proteins | marasmus |
| type of advanced PCM caused by lack of protein in the presense of sufficient calories | Kwashiorkor |
| 4 ways heat is lost through the skin | radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation |
| flow of heat waves from blood or body | radiation |
| transfer of heat to skin | conduction |
| transfer to air | convection |
| absorption of heat by water (sweat) | evaporation |
| increase in temp helps immune system | fight pathogens |
| results from loss of fluid as the body tries to cool itself, may be accompanied by heat cramps | heat exhaustion |
| overheating of the body | heat stroke |
| reduced body temperature | hypothermia |
| local tissue damage caused by extreme cold; may result in necrosis or gangrene | frostbite |
| hypothermia causes frostbite | not hyperthermia |
| raises blood sugar levels | glucogon & growth hormone |
| rise in temp to helps immune system fight pathogens | fever |
| autoimmune colon disease | Crohns disease |
Created by:
Stacey_Gantt5
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