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Module 11
The Lympahatic and immune system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Receive rabies serum after being bitten by a stray dog. | Artificial passive immunity |
| Person receives immunization | Artificial active immunity |
| Person develops immunity after having a disease | Natural active immunity |
| From mother to newborn | Natural passive immunity |
| Inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and viruses | elevated body temperature |
| The location of the spleen | the upper left quadrant of the abdomen |
| IgG | The most abundant immunoglobulin |
| mucous membranes of the respiratory tract | repeal pathogens because they produce mucus, which traps pathogens |
| Not a sign of infection | Pus |
| Has a role in blood storage | Spleen |
| First line of defense | skin and mucous membranes |
| Third line of defense | body retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it. |
| Second line of defense | Mechanisms present at birth |
| Immunity, absorption of fats, and the maintenance of fluid balance | The key functions of the lymphatic system |
| Tissue fluid left behind following capillary exchange | Forms the basis of lymphatic fluid |
| Thymus | lymphatic organ the T cells mature in |
| The removal of pathogens and foreign material from lymphatic fluid | main function of lymph nodes |
| Neutrophils | important white blood cell what travels throughout the bloodstream seeking out bacteria. |
| Artificial active immunity | immunity from a tetanus shot |
| Spleen | Contributes to immunity by screening passing blood for foreign antibodies |
| Antigen | A substance capable of causing a disease |
| Cellular immunity | Uses T cells to destroy pathogens within a cell |
| Humoral immunity | Triggers the production of antibodies to fight pathogens |
| Maintenance of fluid balance, absorption of fats, immunity | Functions of the lymphatic system |
| Lymph | A clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content. |
| lymphatic system | consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymphatic tissue, and lymphatic organs. |
| Away from the tissues | lymphatic vessels carry fluid in one direction only |
| immune cells | the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system produce this |
| Maintenance of fluid balance | Lymph fluid id formed from tissue fluid left behind after capillary exchange. Absorbs fluid not reabsorbed by the capillaries and returns it to the bloodstream. |
| Absorption of fats | Specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestines absorb fats and fat-soluble viamins |
| immunity | Lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter lymph to remove microorganisms and foreign particles. |
| Lymphatic vessels | have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow |
| Rhythmic contractions of the lymphatic vessels | Fluid moves passively aided by? |
| Contraction of skeletal muscles | Flow is aided further by? |
| respiration | causes pressure changes that help propel lymph from the abdominal to the thoracic cavity. |
| Right lymphatic ducts | drains lymph for the upper right quadrant of the body into the right subclacian veins. |
| thoracic ducts | drain lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian |
| Primary lymphatic organs | Red bone marrow, thymus |
| Secondary lymphatic organs | lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen |
| Peyer's patches | lymphatic nodules in the small intestines |
| Germinal centers | form and release lymphocytes when an infection is present |
| hundreds of lymph nodes | the body contains |
| remove pathogens from lymph | the primary function of the lymph nodes |
| Pharyngeal tonsil | sits on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity |
| adenoids | pharyngeal tonsils |
| a fist | the size of a spleen |
| spleen | the bodies largest organ |
| location of spleen | the upper left quadrant of the abdomen |
| Immunity, descruction of old red blood cells, blood storage, hematopoiesis | Spleen function |
| spleen immunity | Screen blood for foreign antigens; ingest and destroy any microorganisms |
| destruction of old red blood cells (spleen) | Digest worn out RBCs and imperfect platelets, recycle hemoglobin, salvaging iron and globin-returning it to the bone marrow and liver for later use. |
| Blood storage (spleen) | Helps stabilize blood volume by rapidly adding blood back into general ciculation. Stores 20%-30% of the body's patelets. |
| Immune systems three line of defense | First: external barriers Second: nonspecific immunity Third: specific immunity |
| First: external barriers | Skin and mucous membranes |
| Second: nonspecific immunity | mechanisms present at birth |
| Third: specific immunity | Body retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it |
| External barriers | nonspecific immunity; the mucus membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts (which are open to the exterior) produce mucus that physically traps pathogens. |
| Lysozyme | mucus, tears, and saliva contain this enzyme |
| Phagocytosis | Ingest and destroy; most important ones are the neutrophils and macropages |
| Antimicrobial proteins | interferons, complement system |
| Natural killer cells | Group of lymphocytes that seek out and destroy foreign cells |
| Inflammation | Stimulates the body's defense system to begin fighting the infection while instigating measures to contain the pathogen. Redness, swelling, heat, and pain are the four classic signs |
| Fever | An abnormal elevation of boy temperature, promotes the activity of interferon, inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and viruses |
| external barriers, phagocytosis, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever | Nonspecific immunity includes: |
| phagocyte cells | sole job is to ingest and destroy microorganisms and other small particles |
| neutrophils, macropages | The most important phagocytes |
| neutrophils | roam the body...summoned to an infection by a chemical released from inflammed cells |
| macrophages | remain fixed with in strategic areas...congregated in areas where microbial invasion is likely to occur (lungs, liver, bone, nerve tissue, spleen) |
| Interferons, complement system | Antimicrobial proteins |
| complement system | more than 20 different proteins circulate in the blood stream in inactive form. |
| Bacteria | or antibodies against the bacteria, activate the complement |
| complement reaction | continues as a cascade of chemical reactions, with one complement protein activating the next. eventually holes are punched in the bacterium and it sells and bursts. |
| Interons | binds to the surface receptors on the neighboring cells triggering the production of enzymes with in the cells that would prevent the virus from replicating. |
| Natural killer cells | Unique group of lymphocytes, roam the body, recognize and destroy any foreign cells, use several methods to destroy cells, most involve the secretion of chemicals that causes the cell to die and break apart. |
| Swelling, redness, heat and pain | Classic signs of inflammation |
| Pyrogen | leads the body to reset the temperature set point. |
| Fever is beneficial | it promotes the activity of interferon and inhibts the reproduction of bacteria and viruses |
| pyrexia | fever; an abnormal elevation of body temperature |
| Specific immunity | Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity, humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity |
| Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity | T cells; aims to destroy foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen |
| Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity | B cells; focuses on pathogens outside the host cells; it sends out antibodies to "mark" a pathogen for later destruction. |
| Cellular immunity and humoral immunity | both systems use lymphocytes and antibodies |
| Natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes | Lymphocytes fall into one of three classes: |
| T lymphocytes | Develop in bone marrow, mature in thymus |
| B lymphocytes | Develop in bone marrow; remain there until fully mature |
| antibodies | also known as immunogloblin |
| IgG | makes up 80% of all circulating antibodies |
| Cellular immunity | destroys pathogens within a cell, uses three classes of T cells cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells |
| Helper T cells | Play a supportive role; secrete chemicals that summon neutrophils and natural killer cells |
| Humoral immunity | Focuses on pathogens outside the cell, uses antibodies to mark antigen for later destruction (antibodies use a range of tactics to defeat antigens(prevent the antigen from attaching to a human cell, triggering agglutination, and the complement cascade.)) |
| Allergic reaction | Upon first exposure, body produces IgE, mast cells release histamine |
| IgE | body produces this during an allergic reaction |
| Anaphylaxis | a severe, immediate allergic reaction that affects the whole body. |
| Active, Passive | Types of immunity |
| Active immunity | when the body makes its own antibodies or T cells. Permanent or at least long lasting. |
| Passive immunity | when immunity results from an injection of antibodies from another person or animal (or antibodies from mother to fetus). Immunity last only a few months. |
| Hypersensitivity | Inappropriate or excessive response of the immune system (allergic reaction) |
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JoAnna_Crafton
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