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Chapter 12
Endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Endocrine System? | Ductless glands; secrete hormones directly to blood stream; respond slowly; exerts long-lasting effect; adapts slow to continual stimulation |
| What is a characteristic of Exocrine gland? | Have ducts that carry secretions to the body's surface |
| A steroid hormone? | Pass through cell's membrane; binding to receptors in nucleus |
| A nonsteroid hormone? | Can't pass through cell wall; bind to receptors on cell surface |
| What is a second messenger system? | A cascade of processes that influences a cell's response to hormone |
| The pituatary gland | Influences more than any other endocrine gland |
| Characteristics of anterior pituatary gland? | Larger than posterior pituatary gland; glandular tissue; secretes hormones under hypothalamus direction; release or suppress hormones from hypothalamus |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Also called thyrotropin; stimulates The thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone |
| Prolactin | Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries |
| Lutenizing hormone (LH) | Stimulate ovulation in female |
| Growth hormone (GH) | Act on the entire body to promote protein synthesis lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and bone and skeletal muscle growth |
| Posterior pituitary gland | Stores antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth and triggers the release of milk from the breast during lactation |
| ADH or vasopressin | Acts on the kidney to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration |
| Negative feedback is a process by which | Stimulation of another endocrine gland by the pituitary to secrete it's hormone then fed back to the pituitary to stop release of tropic hormone |
| Pineal gland | Produces melatonin; might regulate the timing of puberty |
| Thymus | Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin that have a role and development of the immune system; member of both the endocrine system and the immune system |
| Thyroid gland | Secretes T3 T4 and calcitonin; exposure to cold stimulates the release of TSH increasing the body's metabolic rate to increase heat production |
| What two main thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid follicles? | T3 and T4 are secreted by the cells lining the sacs |
| Parafollicular cells secrete | Calcitonin in response to increasing blood calcium levels |
| Parathyroid hormones influence on | Bones inhibit new bone formation and stimulate the breakdown of old bone; kidneys reabsorp calcium and activate vitamin D; intestines vitamin D is important for intestinal absorption of calcium |
| Parathyroid glands release PTH in response to | Low blood calcium levels |
| What is tetany | Severe muscle spasm that occur from hypocalcemia from accidental parathyroid gland removal |
| The two distinct glands of the adrenal glands | The inner portion adrenal medulla; The outer portion adrenal cortex |
| The adrenal medula | Contains modified neurons and function as part of the sympathetic nervous system that secrete catecholamines specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| The adrenal cortex | Is glandular tissue that secretes corticosteroids consisting of three layers |
| The three layers of the adrenal cortex are | Zona glomerulosa outer most layer Zona fasciculata middle layed Zona reticularis innermost layer |
| Zona fasciculata | Secretes glucocorticoids most active during stress |
| Mineralocorticoids (Aldesterone) | Act on kidneys to promote Na+ retention and K+ excretion also cause water retention |
| Glucocorticoids ( cortisol) | Aid in damaged tissue repair;have anti-inflammatory effect; aid in maintaining normal blood pressure; and suppress the immune system if secreted over a long time |
| Sex steroids | Testosterone and estrogen |
| What is the pancreas | Sit behind stomach contain both endocrine and exocrine tissue; acts mainly as exocrine gland; secrete digestive enzymes; islets contain different types cells alpha,beta, or delta |
| Alpha cells | Secrete glucagon between meal when blood glucose levels decline |
| Beta cells | Secrete insulin stimulating self to take up more glucose |
| Glucagon | Stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen into glucose when blood sugar decreases |
| Catecholamines | Booth glucose levels by breaking down glycogen |
| Glucocorticoids | Convert fat and protein to glucose |
| Type 2 diabetes | Loss of insulin receptors on target cells leading to insulin resistance |
| Type 1 diabetes | Insulin deficiency resulting from destruction of beta cells |
Created by:
Bravnunez
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