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A & P Chapter 12
Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Endocrine System? | Ductless glands; secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (to relay messages) Responds slowly, exerts long-lasting effects, adapts slowly to continual stimulation |
| Describe Steroid Hormone? | Passes easily through a cells's membrane; once inside the cell, they bind to receptors in the nucleus |
| Describe a nonsteroid? | Can't penetrate the cell wall; they bind to the receptors on the cell surface |
| What is the second messenger system? | A cascade of processes that influences a cell's response to a hormone |
| The pituitary gland influences MORE or LESS of the body processes than any other gland? | More |
| Is the anterior pituitary LARGER or SMALLER that the posterior pituitary? | Larger |
| What type of tissue does the pituitary gland cosnsist of? | Glandular |
| What does the anterior pituitary synthesize & secrete? | A number of hormones |
| Where do hormones synthizie? | In the hypothalamus |
| When the hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus, what does it stimulate to secrete its hormones or supports secretion of its hormones? | Anterior Pituitary |
| What do the hormones of the anterior pituitary stimulate? | Other endocrine cells to release their hormones? |
| What is Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)? | Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone |
| What is Prolactin? | Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females |
| What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? | Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids |
| What is Luteinizing hormone (LH)? | Stimulates ovulation a in females |
| What is Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)? | Stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries of females |
| What is Growth hormone (GH)? | Acts on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and bone and skeletal muscle growth |
| What does the posterior pituitary do? | Stores the hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin which are synthesized by the hypothalamus |
| What does oxytocin do? | Stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and triggers the release of milk from the breast during lactation |
| What does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin do? | Acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration |
| In the control of the pituitary secretion; what does the CNS do? | Brain monitors conditions and triggers hormone release as needed |
| What it negative feedback? | Mechanism where one endocrine gland stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete a hormone, which in turn, causes the first endocrine gland to stop production of its hormone |
| In controls of the pituitary secretion; what does negative feedback do? | Pituitary stimulates gland to release hormone; hormone is then fed back to pituitary, which halts release of tropic hormone |
| What does the Pineal gland do? | Produces melatonin, a hormone that rises at night (when sunlight is absent) and falls during the day |
| What two systems are the Thymus a part of? | Endocrine and immune systems |
| What hormones are released by the Thyroid gland? | T3 (Triiodothryonine), T4 (Thyroxine) and Calcitonin |
| Give an example of how the thyroid works? | Exposure to cold stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone; thyroid hormone increases the body's metabolic rate, which in increases heat production |
| What do the parafollicular cells do? | Secrete calcitonin in response to increasing blood calcium levels; calcitonin triggers the deposition of calcium in bone and, thus, promotes bone formation |
| What are the (3) body parts that the Parathyroid glands exert influence on? | Bone - inhibits new bone formation & stimulates breakdown of old bone Kidneys - Reabsorbs calcium; activates vitamin D Intestines - Vitamin D is important for intestinal absorption of calcium |
| When does the parathyroid gland secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)? | When there are low levels of calcium in the blood |
| What does your body do when you have an excess of Ca in your blood? | Thyroid releases calcitonin, Ca then moves from blood to bone, the blood Ca levels then lower brining blood back to Calcium Homeostasis |
| What does your body do when you have Ca deficiency? | Parathyroid releases PTH, Ca then moves from bones, kidneys and intestines to your blood; This causes your Ca blood levels to increase returning your blood back to Calcium homeostasis |
| What are the three layers of the Adrenal glands? | Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis |
| What does the Zona fasciculata do? | Secretes glucocorticoids; most active during stress |
| What are the classes of the adrenal cortex hormones? | Mineralocoticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Sex steroids |
| What does the mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) do? | Acts on kidneys to promote Na retention and K excretion; also causes water retention |
| What do the glucocorticoids (Cortisol) do? | Aid in repair of damaged tissue, have an anti-inflammatory effect, aid in maintaining normal BP, suppresses the immune system if secreted over a long term |
| Where does the Pancreas sit? | Just behind the stomach |
| What (2) types of tissue does the pancreas contain? | Endocrine & exocrine tissue; the majority acts as an exocrine gland |
| What does the pancreas do? | Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine |
| How many different cells do the islets contain? | Several |
| What are the main cells in the islets & what are their functions? | Alpha cells- secrete the hormone glucagon between meals, when blood glucose levels decline (blood sugar too low = glucagon) Beta cells - secrete the hormone insulin; stimulates cells to take up more glucose (blood sugar to high= insulin) |
| What hormones boost blood sugar levels? | Glucagon, Catecholamines, Glucocorticoids |
| After eating, blood ___________ levels rise as ___________ flows from the digestive tract into the bloodstream | Glucose & Glucose |
| High glucose levels stimulate the ________ cells of the pancreas to secret insulin | Beta |
| What (2) reactions does insulin trigger? | Stimulates the cells to take up more glucose Causes the liver to take up glucose & store it as glycogen |
| When blood glucose levels drop below a certain point, (skipping a meal), the ___________ cells of the pancreas release glucagon into the blood. | Alpha |
| _____________ stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose, which it then releases in the bloodstream (causing blood glucose levels to rise) | Glucagon |
| What causes Type 2 Diabetes? | A loss of insulin receptors on target cells leading to insulin resistance |
| What causes Type 1 Diabetes? | Deficiency of insulin resulting from the destruction of beta cells of the pancreatic islets |
Created by:
tandkhopkins
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