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A&P Chpt 10
Nervous System (Q&A)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the Central Nervous System consist of? | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| What the Peripheral Nervous System consist of? | Everything outside the brain and spinal cord |
| What Is the first essential role of the Nervous System? | Sensing - Detect changes both inside and outside the body |
| What is the second essential role of the Nervous System? | Integrating - Processthe information received, relate it to past experience, and determine what response is appropriate |
| What is the third essential role of the Nervous System? | Responding - Issues commands to muscles and glands to initiate changes based on its information |
| What is the Somatic sensory? | Carries signals from skin, bones, joints, and muscles |
| What are the neuroglia? | Supportive cells of the nervous system |
| What do Astrocystes do? | Form a blood-brain barrier |
| How do the Astrocystes work? | Wrap around capillaries and protect brain from foreign substances |
| What is a neuron? | Excitable, impulse-controlling cells that perform the work of he nervous system |
| What does the Sensory (afferent) neurons do? | Detect stimuli and transmit info to CNS (ex: touch a flame-heat) |
| What does the Motor (efferent) neurons do? | Relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells (ex: tells hand to withdraw from heat) |
| What is the Multipolar neuron? | Have one axon and multiple dendrites. This is the most common type of neuron and includes most neurosns of the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the Cell Body (Soma)? | The control center and contains the nucleus |
| What are the Dendrites? | Receive signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body |
| What is the Axon? | Carries nerve signal away from the body |
| What is the Myelin sheath? | Insulates the axon |
| What are the Nodes of Ranvier? | Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur at evenly spaced intervals |
| What is the Synaptic knob? | End of the axon branches; inside are the vesicles containing neurotransmitter |
| What is the outer later of the myelin sheath called? | Neurilemma; is essential for an injured her to regenerate |
| Explain how the impulse conduction works in myelinated fibers (pt 1) | Blocks the free movement of ions across the cell membrane; the only plane ion exchange can occur is at the nodes of Ranvier |
| Explain how the impulse conduction works in myelinated fibers (pt 2) | Electrical changes occur at the nodes of Ranvier, creating an action potential. The current flows under the myelin sheath to the next node, where it triggers another action potential. |
| Explain how the impulse conduction works in myelinated fibers (pt 3) | Because the action potential only occur at the nodes, the impulse seems to "leap" from node to node |
| What actions does the Cervical area in the spinal cord do? | Innervate (stimulate) the chest, head neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm |
| What are the structures of the spinal cord? | Epidural space, Central canal, White matter, & Grey matter |
| Where is the epidural space? | Lies between the outer cover of the spinal cord and the vertebrae |
| What does the central canal do? | Carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord |
| Why does white matter appear white? | It has an abundance of myelin |
| Why does gray matter appear gray? | It lacks myelin; it mostly contains neuron cell bodies |
| What are the attachments of the spinal nerve? | Dorsal nerve, spinal nerve, ventral nerve root, pia mater, subarachnoid space, dura mater |
| What does the dorsal nerve do? | Carries the sensory information into the spinal cord |
| What is the spinal nerve? | A single nerve that contains both motor and sensory fibers |
| What does the ventral nerve root do? | Carries motor information out of the spinal cord |
| What is the pia mater? | Innermost layer |
| Where is the subarachnoid space & what is it filled with? | Lies between the arachnoid mater. And pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
| What is the dura mater? | Tough outer layer |
| What are the bundles of axons called and what to they serve? | Called tracts and serve as the routes of communication to and from the brain |
| What does the ascending track (sensory) do? | Takes information to the brain |
| What does the descending track (motor) do? | Takes information to the muscle |
| Where are the axons located? | Within the white matter of he spinal cord |
| What is decussation? | Spinal cord tracts that cross from one side of the body to the other in the brain stem |
| What is an example of decussation? | When someone who suffers a stroke, affecting motor sensors in the left side of the brain will have weakness or paralysis on the right side of the body and vice versa |
| How many spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord? | 31 |
| What does the cervical plexus contain and what does it do? | Contains phrenic nerve, which stimulates the diaphragm for breathing |
| What is the sacral plexus and what does it cause? | Contains the sciatic nerve (largest nerve in body) runs down back of thigh. Irritation causes severe pain down the back of the leg |
| When does the spinal cord stop growing and how far does it extend | By adulthood; extends as far as L1. This is why lumbar punctures occur between L3 & L4, there is not danger of nicking the spinal cord with the needle |
| What happens to the Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)? | CSF is reabsorbed into the venous bloodstream by projections of the arachnoid mater into the dural sinuses (also called arachnoid villi) |
| What is another name for arachnoid villi? | Dural sinuses |
| What are the parts of the brain stem? | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata |
| What does the medulla oblongata contain? | Contains cardiac center, vasomotor center, and two respiratory centers |
| What does the Cerebellum monitor? | Monitors body movements and seeds messages for balance, coordination, and posture |
| What does the cerebellum store? | Stores information necessary for muscle groups to work together to perform smooth, efficient, and coordinated movements. |
| What does the cerebellum evaluate? | Evaluates sensory input, such as touch, spatial perception and sound |
| What does the diencephalon contain? | Thalamus & Hypothalamus |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | Controls the autonomic nervous system; contains centers for hunger, thirst & temp regulation; controls the pituitary gland; & is involved in multiple emotional responses (fear, anger, pleasure, & aggression) |
| What does the frontal lobe do? | Governs voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgement, decision making, reasoning and aggression |
| What is another term for limbic system and what does it contain? | "Emotional Brain", contains the hippocampus |
| What does the hippocampus do? | Converts short-term memory into long-term memory; If injury occurs to this area, the person would lose the ability to form new memories |
| What is the autonomic nervous system? | Innervates glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle (these work by themselves) Consists of 2 nerve fibers that synapse @ a ganglion before reaching target |
| What does the autonomic nervous system secrete? | Secretes both acetylcholine & norepinephrine as neurotransmitters; may excite or inhibit target cells |
| Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? | Involuntary |
| What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic & Parasympathetic |
| What does the sympathetic division do? | Prepares the body for activity; increases alertness, heart rate; stimulates sweat glands; inhibits intestinal motility (Flight or Fight) |
| What does the parasympathetic division do? | Calms the body functions; has a calming effect; decreases the heart rate, constricts bronchial tubes; stimulates intestinal motility |
| Where does the sympathetic division arise from? | Neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Sympathetic ganglia exist in chains along both sides of the spinal cord |
| Where does the parasympathetic division arise from? | Neurons arise from the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord. Parasympathetic ganglia reside in or near target organs |
| At what age does the nervous system process start to develope and when is it complete? | Myelination of nerves begins during the fourteenth wee of fetal development and is not complete until late adolescence |
Created by:
tandkhopkins
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