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Module 3&4 A&P
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plasma membrane | Defines the boundary of the cell and regulates the passage of substance into and out of the cell. |
| Phospholipids | Form the bulk of the membrane |
| Cholesterol | Molecules scattered within the phospholipid molecules; the stiffen and strengthen the plasma membrane. |
| Proteins | Embedded in various spots in the membrane. They fulfill various functions. |
| Nucleus | Control center; contains all of the cells genetic information, center of the cell |
| Nuclear envelope | Doubled layer membrane around the nucleus |
| Nuclear pores | Allow molecules to pass into and out of the nucleus |
| Nucleous | Manufactures ribosomes |
| Chromatin | Threadlike structures composed of DNA and protein that fill a cells nucleus |
| Golgi apparatus | Processes proteins and packages them for export to other parts of the body |
| Centrioles | Play a role in cell division |
| Lysosomes | Contain various enzymes that help break down protein the cell doesn't need; also known as "cellular garbage disposals" |
| Mitochondria | Cells "powerhouse" |
| Cytoskeleton | Supporting framework of the cell |
| Cilia | Hair-like processes along the surfaces of a cell; help sweep particles along a path |
| Microvilli | Typically found in cells charged with absorbing nutrients (intestines) |
| Diffusion | Particles move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Osmosis | Water moves across a semipermeable membrane from a area of lower concentration of solute to an area of higher concentration of solute. |
| Osmotic pressure | Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis |
| Isotonic | A solution with the same concentration of solute as that inside the cell; most common IV fluid given |
| Hypertonic | A solution with a higher concentration of soluts as that inside the cell |
| Filtration | Water and solute move through a semipermeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure. |
| Hydrostatic pressure of blood | Inside the capillaries forces water and dissolved materials (such as nutrients) into the surrounding tissue fluid |
| Facilitated diffusion | Depends on protein molecule in the cell membrane. (Ex. Glucose going to cells) |
| DNA | Double strand, sequence of bases is the genetic code. Each nucleotide consist of one sugar, one phosphate group, and one of four possible types of nitrogen bases |
| RNA | Single strand, contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, contains uracil instead of thymine |
| Four categories of tissue | Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular |
| Stem cells | Can differentiate into many different types of cells |
| Embryonic stem cells | Occur in the early embryo, they can differentiate into more than 200 kinds of specialized cells |
| Epithelial tissue | Covers body surface,lines cavities and organs, |
| Key functions of epithelial tissue | Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion |
| Transitional epithelial tissue | Multiple layers, when stretched, cell layers decrease and cell shape changes from cuboidal to squamous (ex. Bladder) |
| Simple squamous | Single layer of flat, scale like cells, allows for ready diffusion or filtration because of thinness |
| Simple columnar | Single layer of columnar cells; lines the intestines, secretes mucous by goblet cells |
| Exocrine glands | Secrete products into ducts |
| Endocrine glands | Secrete hormones into blood |
| Connective tissue | Most widespread tissue, purpose: connect, support, bind, or protect organs, the matrix consist of varying kinds and amounts of protein fibers and fluid |
| Connective tissue key component | Extracellular matrix |
| Types of connective tissue | Fibrous connective, cartilage,bone,blood |
| Adipose | Dominated by fat cells, helps insulate the body to conserve heat |
| Cartilage | Contains no blood vessels, heals slowly or not at all |
| Fibrocartilage | Forms the disc between vertebrae |
| Bone | Called osseous |
| Mineral crystals | Responsible for the hardness of bone |
| Blood | Has liquid extracellular matrix (plasma) |
| Nerve tissue | High degree of excitability and conductivity |
| Neuroglia | Protect and assist neurons |
| Main structures of a neuron | Soma, dendrites,axon |
| Soma | Neuron large cell body |
| Dendrites | Receive impulses from other cells that they transmit to the soma |
| Muscle tissues | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Skeletal tissue | Striated, voluntary |
| Smooth tissue | Lines the walls of many organs |
| Tissue repair | Blood clot and granulation tissue forms |
| Blood clot | White blood cells begin to ingest bacteria and cellular debris |
| Granulation tissue | Connective tissue that fills in the wound cavity and forms scar tissue |
| Tissue repair may occur by either | Regeneration or fibrosis |
| Fibrosis | Damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue, does not restore normal function |
| Membranes | Consist of epithelial or connective tissue |
| Three types of epithelial membranes | Mucous, cutaneous, serous |
| Mucous membrane | Line body surface that open directly to the body's exterior ( ex.. Mouth) |
| Cutaneous membrane | Also known as skin, the body's largest membrane |
| Serous membrane | Secretes serous fluid, which helps prevent friction as the heart beats and the lungs expand |
| Membranes in general | Line body cavities, cover body surfaces, separate organs from each other |
| Epidermis | Outermost layer, obtains oxygen and nutrients by diffusion |
| Dermis | Composed of connective tissue, contains collagen,elastin, and reticular fibers,has blood vessels,sweat glands,hair, nerve endings |
| Hypodermis | Connective tissue, binds skin to underlying tissue |
| Stratum basale | Innermost layer of epidermis, produces new skin cells |
| Stratum corneum | Outermost layer of the epidermis, consist up to 30 layers of dead flat keratin coated cells |
| Keratin | Tough, fibrous protein, found in hair, nails, and outer layer of skin |
| Melanin | Protect the nucleus from uv exposure |
| Cyanosis | Blue tint |
| Jaundice | Yellow discoloration |
| Albinism | Extremely pale skin white hair and pink eyes, cause is genetic mutation |
| Erythema | Abnormal redness |
| Pallor | Pale skin |
| Function of skin | Protection-prevents microorganism from invading body, barrier, vitamin d production,thermoregulation- nerves cause blood vessels in the skin to dilate or constrict to regulate heat loss |
| Arrector pilli muscles | Stands hair up on arms and legs |
| Hair obtains its color from... | Melanin |
| Alopecia | Excessive hair loss |
| Clubbing on nails from oxygen deficiency.... | Due to lung disease |
| Eccrine glands | Produce sweat which helps maintain body temperature |
| Body looses about | 500 ml of insensible perspiration daily |
| Bacteria | Cause body odor |
| First degree burn | Involves only the epidermis |
| Third degree burns | Full thickness burn, may not be painful because burnt nerve endings |
| Eschar | Dead tissue resulting from a burn, no blood supply immune cells cannot reach healing tissues |
| Rule of nines | Divides body into 11 areas of 9 % |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Characterized by hard, raised, red, scaly tumors; arises from epithelial cells |
| Basale cell carcinoma | Most common typer, characterized by papules with central crater pearly edge rarely spreads. |
| Melanoma | Malignancy in a nervous (mole) the most serious typer, often fatal if not treated quickly |
| Acne | Inflammation of sebaceous glands, especially during puberty |
Created by:
Kylee_cheyenne
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